Ibis

FORTHE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

THE I B I S, ^

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY, ^

EDITED BY

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, D.Sc, F.R.S.,

AND

A. H. EVANS, M.A., F.Z.S.

VOL. 11. 1908.

JUBILEE SUPPLEMENT.

NINTH SERIES.

Delectasti me, Doiuine, in operibus mamuim tiianiiu.

LONDON:
Pt. n. POPvTER, 7 PPJNCES STP.EET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

1909.

-//. H ktj (i (s^ <«^^W^

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

CONTENTS OF JUBILEE SUPPLEMENT.
NINTH SERIES. VOL. II. 1908.

Page

1. Proceedings of the Special Jubilee Meeting of the British
Ornithologists' Union 1

2. A Short History of the British Ornithologists' Union.

By P. L. ScLATEE, D.Sc, F.Pt.S 19

Appendix: 1. Rules of the British Ornithologists' Union . 65
2. Rules of the British Ornithologists' Club. . 68

3. Biographical Notices of the Original Members of the
British Ornithologists' Union, of the principal Contributors to
the Pirst Series of ' The Ibis,' and of the Officials. (With
Portraits.) 71

BiRKBECK, Robert 73

Blakiston, Capt. T. W 173

Blyth, Edward 175

bonhote, j. l 231

Dresser, H. E 219

Drummond-Hay, Col. H. M 75

Evans, A. H 227

Eyton, T. C 79

Godman, Dr. F. D 81

Godman, p. S 93

Gurney, .T. H 95

Hancock, John ]77

Hawker, Rey. W. H 101

Page

IIewitson, AV. C . .183

HUDLESTOX, W. H 141

Irby, Col. L. H 187

Jerdon, T. C 193

Kirk, Sir John 195

Knox, A. E 103

Layard, E. L 197

LiLFOKD, Lord 123

Neavcome, E, C 105

Newton, Prof. A 107

Newton, Sir E 117

Gates, E. AV 221

PowLETT Cajipbell-Okde, Sir J. W 121

Salvin, Osbert 127

Saunders, Hoavard 223

Sclater, Dr. p. L 129

Sealy, A. F 139

Sharpe, Dr. Pt. B 199

Speke, Oapt. J. H 203

Savinhoe, Robert 207

Taylor, E. C 151

Taylor, G. C 209

TiCKELL, Col. S. R 211

Tristram, Canon H. B 153

Wallace, Dr. A. R 213

AVolley, John 157

AA^RiGHT, C. A 217

4. List of the Members of the British Ornithologists'
Union. 1858-1908 233

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Dr. F. D. GODMAN.

THE IBIS.

NINTH SERIES.

Vol. II. 1908.
JUBILEE SUPPLEMENT.

1. Proceedings of the Special Jubilee Meeting of the British
Ornithologists' Union, held on Wednesday, December 9tli,
1908, at the House of The Zoological Society of London,
No. 3 Hanover Square (by permission).

Dr. F, Du Cane Godman, F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.

The President : The Secretary Mill read the Minutes of
the last Meeting.

The Secretary read the Minutes, Avhich Avere then con-
firmed, and signed by the President.

The Secretary also read a number of telegrams and
letters from the following Foreign Societies and Members
of the Union, who were unable to attend, but sent hearty
congratulations on the event : —

Ornithologische Gesellschaft in Baycru.

South African Ornithologists' Union,

Dr. Otto Finsch.

Dr. Anton Reichenow.

Graf Hans von Berlepsch.

Dr. Wilhelm Blasius.

Dr. Othmar Reiser.

Herr Herman Schalow.

Col. James A. O. R.- Drummond-Hay.

S-iER. IX. — VOL. II., JU15.-SUPPL. B

2 PKOCEEDINGS OP THE

The Phesident : I Avill ask Dr. E. Hartert to read an
Address from the German Ornithological Society.

Dr. E. Hartert : Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, — The
German Ornithological Society, Avliicb, you know, has
always l)een on very friendly terms with the British
Ornithologists^ Union, has sent an Address, which the
President and Secretary of that Society have asked me
to hand over to the President of this Society, with the
offer of their very best wishes for your continued prosperity.
The Address may be translated as follows : — " The German
" Ornithological Society presents to the British Ornitho-
" logists' Union, on the occasion of their Fiftieth Anniversary,
" the most cordial wishes for the continual progress of their
^' successful work and efforts for the growth and in the
'' interests of Ornithology.'^

Mr. Schalow wished me to say he had intended to come
over in person to deliver his wishes and to shew his goodwill
to the Union, but that, unfortunately, his health has pre-
vented him from so doing.

The President : I am sure that you will all join me in
thanking those who have sent their congratulations to-day
on our Fiftieth Anniversary. 1 will put it to the vote, and
I am sure that it will be carried unanimously. (Applause.)

The President then delivered the following Address : —
Brother Members of the B. O. U., — You need not that
I should remind you that the occasion of our meeting
here to-day, is to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the
foundation of the British Ornithologists' Union. Though
I am one of the few surviving- members of that little band
of twenty who inaugurated the Union, I take no credit to
myself for the small part I had in doing so. The real
honour of founding the Society belongs to our late friend
and colleague Professor Alfred Newton, at whose rooms
in Magdalene College, Cambridge, the idea was propounded
in 1858 ; and I feel sure it will be deeply regretted by all
here present that in consequence of his untimely death, he

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING. 6

was prevented from carrying out his intention of enter-
taining ns there again, and of giving us a hearty
welcome at tlie same University which gave birth to the
Society.

I will not enter on the history of the foundation of the
Union, for this will be much better treated presently by
our Editor, Dr. Sclater, who has giA'cn special attention to
the subject, but I shall, in the few remarks I am about to
make, pass on to consider the growth that tlie Science of
Ornithology has made since the inauguration of the British
Ornithologists^ Union, which has been in no small measure
due to the enterprise of its members.

During the fifty years of its existence, I find that some-
thing like 1800 original papers on birds have been
published in ' The Ibis,^ the result for the most part of
expeditions made, chiefly by members of the Union, to
nearly all parts of the world. In addition, a vast amount of
articles have appeared in other periodicals, amongst which
may be specially mentioned the Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London, to say nothing of numerous other works,
including the fine Monographs on families of birds, which
have been published separately, such as Gould's ' Trogons,^
Sclater's ^Jacamars,' Shelley's "^ Sun-birds,^ Sharpe's 'King-
fishers/ and ' Swallows," &c. The subject, however, is by no
means exhausted, though it every day becomes more difficult
to find new ground to explore.

If British Ornithologists have been busily engaged in
their favourite pursuit, our Colleagues abroad have been
equally industrious, and have added enormously to the
general stock of knowledge. Of their publications I may
first mention the German Ornithological Society, with its
organ the ' Journal fiir Ornithologie,' a book no worker
on birds can afford to be without. It was commenced in
1852, or six years before 'The Ibis,' and has been continued
ever since. Perhaps the Society next in importance is the
American Ornithologists^ Union, with its quarterly Joiirnal
' The Auk,' a most valuable work chiefly devoted to the
birds of its own Continent. In addition, there are several

b2

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

other Journals devoted to our branch of science, which
treat chiefly of the birds of the various countries to which
they severally belong : amongst them ai-e '^ Aquila/ the organ
of the Hungarian Society, 'The Emu,' of the Australian
Ornithologists' Union, ' The Condor,' of the Cooper Orni-
thological Club of California, and others which I need not
mention, as I have given sufficient instances to shew the
activity which prevails. When, in 1872, Dr. R. Bowdler
Sharpe succeeded George Gray in the Bird Department of
the British Museum, there were about 30,000 stuffed birds
and bird-skins in that Institution, and many of these (as
some of us can well remember) were set up in the most
grotesque manner. Few had exact locality-labels, whilst
others had none at all, and in some cases specimens were
simply marked " The Indies," but whether from the East
or West was left to the student to decide. The number
of specimens now in the National Collection is. Dr. Sharpe
tells me, about 500,000, or sixteen times as many as there
were tliirty-six years ago.

Again, 1 find in the first Volume of the ' Zoological
Record,' which was published in 1864, that 120 papers on
Ornithology were enumerated for the previous year, while
on turning to that for 1907 there are no less than 1760,
or fifteen times as many as there were thirty-three years
earlier. These two instances will give some idea of the
progress Ornithology has made since the foundation of the
British Ornithologists' Union.

Perhaps few things have conduced more to advance our
science in this covmtry than the establishment of the
British Ornithologists' Club, which, though not approved
by some of our leading members at its outset, has never-
theless been the means of frequently bringing together
those interested in the subject. The social gatherings are
well attended, and afford an opportunity both of exhibiting
specimens, and discussing various problems connected with
them. They have thus been the means of adding materially
to our knowledge, and have led to an increase in the number
of members of the Union itself.

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING.

The study of Nature, aud of Birds in particular_, lias
always had a special fascination for rae^ but it has been in
the careful observation of their habits, far more than in the
examination and. classification of them at home, that I have
experienced the greatest enjoyment.

Although Ornithology as a pastime is one of immense
interest, increasing our love of nature and quickening our
powers of observation, it should not be forgotten that it at
the same time provides an excellent school for the study
of evolution. It was in 1858, or the same year as the
fouudation of the British Ornithologists' Union, that the
paper of Darwin and Wallace, first promulgating the theory
of evolution, appeared in the Journal of the Linnean Society.
TJiis was followed by the publication of the ' Origin of
Species' by Darwin in November 1859. I can well
remember the commotion it caused, not only in the
scientific W'Orld, but amongst all classes. The theory was
violently opposed on all sides, except by a very few of
Darwin^s most intimate friends, amongst whom the names
of Hooker and Huxley stand out pre-eminently as its
champions. The new faith however grew, very slowly at first,
but gradually it gained more adherents. Now, the idea
that species are fixed, or unchaugeable has passed away, a
new era has set in ; and though the process of evolution is
extremely slow, we see before us at evei'y turn, that change
is constantly going on. As an example of this it has been
recently pointed out that even in our own Island several of
tiie birds which have hitherto been considered identical
with their continental representatives, prove on close exami-
nation to be slightly different. In Central and South
America, countries to which I have paid special attention,
we find these differences still more clearly marked, and in
many districts there is a slightly modified or represen-
tative form of bird, while this equally applies to all classes
of animals. These difl:erences are frequently very slight,
but they are for the most part constant in the areas where
they exist, and are sufficient to enable us to distinguish
the various forms with certainty. It is this discovery Avhich

D PROCEEDINGS OF THE

has given such an extraordinary interest to the study ot
Zoology generally.

Before concluding these short remarks I cannot omit
saying a few words about the Editors of ' The Ibis/ who have
done so much to sustain its high character. Dr. Sclater
commenced by editing the first series of six volumes ;
he was succeeded by the late Professor Newton and
Osbert Salvin, each of whom undertook a similar series.
Of the 3.2 remaining volumes Dr. Sclater has been either
Editor or Joint Editor, besides having been amongst the
chief contributors throughout the 50 years. I am sure
therefore that you will feel with me that we owe him a deep
debt of gratitude for the labour of love which he has so
well performed on behalf of the Union — a debt we also
OAve to the late Howard Saunders and to our present Joint
Editor, Mr. A. H. Evans.

With regard to the medals which the Society is about
to present to four surviving founders of the Union, I will
only say for myself, that I feel most highly honoured at
being the recipient of such a gift, and I can assure you that
I deeply value your appreciation of the small part that I
have been able to take in the welfare of our Society.

I should like also to express to you my sense of the
honour you liaA'e done me in electing me as your President,
and to assure you that so long as you continue to repose
that confidence in me, it will be my earnest desire to
promote the welfare of the British Ornithologists' Union,
while I sincerely trust that it may long continue to enjoy
a similar prosperity to that which it has experienced in
the past.

The President : I will now ask Dr. Sclater to read a
short history of the Union since its foundation, which he
has prepared for this Meeting.

(See below, p. 19.)

The President: Mr. A. H. Evans has prepared some
notices of the Life and Work of certain of the principal

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING. /

Members of the Union, and I now call upon him to speak
on the subject.

j\Ir. Evans then gave some details of the Biographical
Notices which he had prepared.

(See below, p. 71.)

The President : Before proceeding to the distribution of
Medals, I am sure that you will join me in passing a hearty
Vote ot' Thanks to our Editor for the account that he has
prepared of the history of the Union, and also to Mr. Evans
for his Biographies. I must say that both these papers
recall to my memory matters of great interest, but perhaps
to those who are younger they will not appeal so strongly.

The Vote of Thanks was then carried by acclamation.

The President : Now we will proceed to the distribution
of Medals to the above-mentioned four surviving original
Members of the Union, but as I, who am one of them,
cannot well give myself a Medal, I will ask Mr. Henry
Morris Upcher, the oldest surviving elected Member, to
take the Chair.

Mr. U PC HER then took the Chair.

Mr. Upcher : Brother Members of the B. O. U., — When
I accepted the invitation that was given me to come here
to-day to be put in this responsible position, I could not help
feeling that however pleasurable the office might be, it
could not avoid being mixed with feelings of sadness which
I am sure we all feel. I stand here before you to-day in this
position from no merits or deserts of my own, but merely
from the events of nature over Avhich we have no control.
I hope I am sufficiently thankful for being so well arid
strong as I am at my time of life, but I must say that
I heartily wish many of those gentlemen w^ho have gone to
join the majority had been spared to take my place and
present these Medals. But still, to-day we are concerned
more with the present, and I am sure we must all con-
gratulate ourselves on finding our Union in such a flourishing

8 pkocei:dixgs of the

conditiou. We are glad to find that our colony, which began
with the list of twenty which you have heard read to-day, has
increased to the large number of over 100, I hope it may go
on and still increase and prosper. But though our founders
are reduced to such a small number, I am sure we must all
congratulate ourselves that we have still such a good clutch
of the original brood left. We cannot help looking back at
some of the names that came into our lives : — Dear old
Professor Newton, Avho made many evenings most ])leasant
to us when Ave were at Cambridge ; and then Lord Lilford,
to whom the Union owes a great debt of gratitude. Again,
my thoughts go back to dear old Canon Tristram — the
" Sacred Ibis " I always called him — under whose auspices
I was introduced to this Union. We must not, however, go
through the whole list, for to-day we have a pleasant duty to
perform to four of our ancestors who are still with us. To
make any distinction between them would be odious. I will
only emphasize the remarks of the President, who pointed
out how much we are indebted to Dr. Sclater, our present
Editor, for all the work he has done for us during the past
fifty years. (Cheers.) Gentlemen, in our time we have
seen a great many changes in nomenclature. I am glad to
find that we have not altered the name of our Journal, which
is still merely ' The Ibis."* 1 hope that we shall continue to
stick to our original name and be worthy of it.

I think that, after all you have heard this afternoon, I
had better speak no further. I will say in conclusion, that
I hope that all who follow in the steps of those who have
set us so good an example, and that all future Members,
will remember that the aim and object of the British
Ornithologists' Union is not the destruction, but the pre-
servation of bird-life and bird-species throughout the Avorld.
(Applause.)

1 have now great pleasure in presenting to Mr. Godman,
our President, this Gold Medal as a mark of our respect and
gratitude for all that he has done for us. (Cheers.)

(The Medal was then presented.)

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETIXG. 9

Mr. GoDMAN : Mr. Upcher and Brother Members of tlie
B. O. U., — I can hardly find words in which to thank you
for the high honour tliat you have conferred upon me by
presenting me with tliis Gokl Medal. I assure you that I
greatly appreciate both the gift itself and the kind feeling
which has prompted it. I am afraid I have done but little
to deserve it. (" No, uo.^^) It was my good fortune when
at the University to meet with several kindred spirits deeply
interested in the pursuit of Natural History, and it was more
due to them than to myself that the British Ornithologists'
Union was founded. For some years I was Secretary to the
Union, but that was when the Members were few and the
Avork was consequently light. I should perhaps have done
more in Ornithology had not Salvin and I determined to
publish the ' Biologia Centrali-Americana.' Together we
personally undertook the Aves and the Rhopalocera, but
later we found that it Avould be more advantageous that each
should be mainly responsible for one subject ; thus Salvin
continued the Birds and I the Butterflies. At his death,
however, I resumed my ornithological labours, and Avith
Dr. Sharpe's assistance brought the latter part of Salvin's
work to an end, and then concluded my own portion of the
Butterflies ; and I have now good reason to hope that the
Avhole of the ' Biologia ' Avill be completed before very long.
This is perhaps some excuse for my not having done more
in Ornithology. With these few remarks, I Avill onlv thank
you again most heartily for presenting me Avith this Medal.
(Applause.)

Mr. Upcher : I have great pleasure in presenting the
next Medal to Dr. Sclater, our Editor.

(The Medal was then presented.)

Dr. Sclater : Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, — The
obvious thing for me to say is that this is the proudest
moment of my life, and I say so in all fulness of heart.
When I go into my library and see the fifty volumes, Avhich
are described in the List before us, standing nicely bound iu

10 PROCEEDINGS OP THE

a row, I always think that that is the best piece o£ work I
have done during the course of my long life. It was
Prof. Newton^s idea to establish the Journal, but I think
I may claim the next place in carrying the idea out. Now
forty-three years at the Zoological Society, spent in the
management and improvement of its affairs, was not a bad
piece of work ; but I look upon my connexion with ' The
Ibis ' with still greater satisfaction, and I thank you all for
this Medal Avhich you have given me. (Cheers.)

Mr. Upchek : I have great pleasure in presenting the next
Medal to Mr. W. H. Hudleston.

(The Medal was then presented.)

Mr. Hudleston : Mr. President and Brothers, — I look
upon this Medal as a premium upon longevity, and I
accept it in lieu of an '^ Old Age Pension.'^ (Applause.)
At the same time, I feel deeply grateful to all the
Members of our Union for this honourable acknowledg-
ment, this most delightful acknowledgment, as it Avere, that
I am one of the survivors of the original Members of
the B. O. U. It calls to mind old friends, more especially
our two friends who are distinguished throughout the whole
of the British Ornithologists' Union. It calls to mind,
amongst other things, the very earh^ days of the association,
days Avhen I was associated with Tristram, Salvin, Newton,
and Wolley; and I think I can offer an explanation, to a
certain extent, of the idea which has gone abroad in some
way that the British Ornithologists' Union Avas founded in
the County of Durham. The fact is, that when Newton and
Wolley returned from their expedition to Iceland in the
summer of 1858, one of them on his way south called upon
Tristram at his house in Durham, and it Avas there that
they consulted together as to the foundation of the Union
which has already been spoken about. I think that after
that there Avas a meeting at Leeds, to Avhich Dr. Sclater has
alluded ; and I have letters in my possession from three, at
any rate, of these members of the Union, in which they

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING. 11

all speak of the necessity of founding it. And I must
say I really do believe that the actual starting-point of the
British Ornithologists' Union was at the meeting of the
British Association at Leeds in 1858. It was consequent
upon that^ as you remember very well, that a meeting was
called at Cambridge in the following November. And I
have a most distinct recollection, amongst other things, of
passing two or three very pleasant days with your President
at the " Bull Hotel " at Cambridge — he remembers it as
well as I do (laughter), — in which we discussed these
matters, before the Union was ultimately founded. Well,
now I must thank you again most heartily and express my
gratitude to you for presenting me with this Medal.

Mr. Upcher : The next Medal is to be presented to
Mr. Percy God man.

(The Medal was then presented.)

Mr. Percy Godman : Mr. Chairman and. Brother Members
of the B. O. U., — I beg to thank you very much indeed for
the honour you have conferred upon me. I do not quite
know what I have done to deserve it. I remember that I
was at Cambridge, and joined the small band of active
ornithologists : we were active then, more in the field than
we were at lectures, I am afraid. I am very proud indeed
of having been one of the original Members of the Union,
and I hope the Society will continue to extend and prosper
in the way it has done ever since it was founded. I thank
you very much.

Dr. F. Du Cane Godman again took the Chair.

The President : I ask you to return a hearty Vote of
Thanks to INIr. Upcher for so kindly presenting the Medals.
(Applause.)

The President : Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant has an announce-
ment to make, and will probably conclude with a motion.
I ask Mr. Grant to address you.

12 rUCJCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr. W. R. Ogilme-Grant : Mr. President and Erother
Members, — In the circular letter which I have addressed to
every Member of the Union, I suggested that it might be
possible to do something more than has yet been done to
celebrate the Jubilee of our great Ornithologists' Union,
and with this aim in view I laid before you a proposal, and
invited your co-operation in the scheme for the exploration
of the Charles Louis Mountains in Dutch New Guinea. The
Charles Louis Mountains are believed to rise to an altitude of
from 16,500 to 17,500 feet, and, if so, are by far the highest
gx'ound between the Himalayas and the Andes. German
New Guinea and British New Guinea have been more or less
worked ; but practically the whole of the great interior of
New Guinea has not been touched at all, so that the Charles
Louis Mountains are at the present time beyond doubt the
finest unknown ground in the Avorld. For a number of years
I have been eagerly watching for an opportunity of sending
out an Expedition for the exploration of this great range,
but until quite recently the risk attending such an attempt
rendered its chances of success too small to justify the
experiment.

Now this is all changed, and, acting on reliable information
which has lately been supplied to me by Mr. Walter Good-
fellow, the well-known traveller, I have determined to try
and organise an Expedition. In the first place I secured the
services of Mr. Goodfellow, as I felt confident that if anyone
could successfully lead an Expedition into these mountains,
he would do so. With his help I have carefully worked out,
as far as possible, the details of the scheme, and find that he
has been able to make specially favorable arrangements for
obtaining porters, thus overcoming the greatest difficulty,
namely, transport. The services of two other well-known
naturalists with previous experience of New Guinea have
also been obtained. With the generous help of various
friends, most of whom are members of the Union, I have
already been able to raise a considerable sum of money,
sufficient to meet the working expenses for a short time.
Eut without greater resources the Expedition cannot remain

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING. 13

long in the field. Besides, we hope to be able to add to the
number of our collectors, so that all branches of zoology and
botany may be investigated. I have already told you in my
circular letter that my great desire is to associate this under-
taking with the British Ornithologists^ Union, so tliat it may
be known as the " British Ornithologists^ Union Jubilee
Exploration of the Charles Louis Mountains." I may add
that since my letter was sent out, I have received replies
from some thirty-five members giving me very cordial and
material support to the scheme. I will now ask the
President to be so kind as to put my suggestion to the vote
so as to ascertain the wishes of the members of the British
Ornithologists' Union as a body. The motion which I wish
to put forward is to ascertain whether the members of the
British Ornithologists' Union are willing to join in this
exploration of the Charles Louis Mountains.

The President : I should like just to say one or two
words before putting the motion. Of all the interesting
places in the world New Guinea is perhaps the most
interesting. It has produced, and probably will still produce,
some of the finest birds and insects that the whole world has
ever supplied. I think myself that if we, as a Society, give
this scheme our blessing, it will be a very good way of
commemorating this day. With these few words I will
put the proposition to the vote. I think I may say that
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant hopes and certainly wishes that we may
give him a separate volume of ' The Ibis ' for the publication
of the results of this scheme, should it come off. Of course
that will involve a certain expenditure, and whether our
funds, after to-day, Avill bear the strain, I am not quite
certain.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant : I think it is quite possible that if
we get the amount we think necessary, there might be
sufficient margin for a sum of money to be set aside towards
publication.

The President : I am afraid even then it will take rather

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

a large lump out of our funds. But we have a great many
members, and I think, having every reason to suppose that
our income will be greater than our expenditure, that we can
afford to launch out a little.

The Secretary : I hope to be allowed to say a few words
on this matter. I tliink nothing could be better than that
we should celebrate our Jubilee by having our name con-
nected with this exploration, but we should at the same
time clearly understand that we cannot bind ourselves to
produce a special volume on the results of the Expedition.
The Jubilee volume, which we are going to publish in a
month or two, will make a considerable difference in our
balance at the Bank, and I do not think we should be at all
wise in binding ourselves to produce a second special volume
«o soon. At the same time, I think that the Committee
might consider it desirable that the money received from
the sale of the Jubilee volume should be put aside to form
the nucleus of a fund for the publication of a volume on the
results of the proposed Expedition.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant : I may venture to remind you that
the proposed publication will not take place for. two years or
more, and that there would be time to recoup our expenditure
before then.

The President : The motion is : —

"That the Members of the British Ornithologists''
Union are willing to co-operate in the exploration of
the Charles Louis Mountains in Dutch New Guinea, so
that the Expedition may be known as the ' British
Ornithologists' Union Jubilee Exploration of the Charles
Louis Mountains.' "

The Hon. Walter Rothschild : I beg to second that.

Dr. Penrose : Am I to understand that your motion does
not include any question at all of a special number of ' The
Ibis ' coming out ? I do not know whether other members
present may agree, but I personally think that it would be

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING. 15

far better if the papers appeared in future numbers of ' The
Ibis ' in the regular way. I do not think that Mr. Grant
made any very special point that the papers were to be
published in a separate Jubilee number.

The President : We can put the motion in two parts,
first that you agree to this proposition of Mr. Grant^s, and
then as to the mode of publication, or perhaps it would be
as well to leave the matter of publication out at present.
There is no hurry about it. In all probability it will be
three years hence at least before the money is required, and
by that time we may have met the expenditure that we have
incurred to-day. I will put the motion as I read it.

The Hon. Walter Rothschild : My only objection to
starting a Jubilee volume is this. The Expedition (if I am
right in hoping that the resolution will be carried unani-
mously) will be started on the basis of Ornithology, but it
will include the acquisition of a large number of specimens
of other groups of animals. Now I do not think that under
our present rules we can publish anything except ornitho-
logical papers^ and therefore the account of the Expedition
in a special Jubilee volume must be either incomplete, only
giving the ornithological results, or, it may be, only an
account of the exploration and not the actual account
of the collections. Neither of these alternatives would, I
think, be at all conducive to the proper estimation of the
work of the Expedition by the public. And I therefore
think that, without any wish to run counter to Mr. Grant's
ideas, it would be much better that the question of publishing
the results of the Expedition should be put aside until the
Expedition has returned.

Dr. Hartert : I think Mr. Grant's plan of this Expe-
dition must have the heartiest support of all members of the
British Ornithologists' Union, because the Charles Louis
Mountains are undoubtedly one of the most interesting
places, if not the most interesting place, in the world to be

16 PKOCEEDIXGS OV THE

explored. But I agree that it is rather premature now to
decide about the publication of these researches. Let us
wait until the return of tlie Expedition and then make our
plans. We can do it much better then than now.

The President then put the Resolution to the Meeting
and declared it to be carried unanimously.

The President : Then the Resolution is carried on the
understanding that the exact mode of publication is deferred
for the present. After we know a little more about the
results of the Expedition, we shall be in a better position to
decide in what form to publish them.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant : I should like to thank you all very
much indeed for the kind way in which you have received
this proposal, and I hope that the Exploration will be in
every way worthy of the Union.

At the suggestion of the Secretary a small Committee was
elected to deal with the funds and general arrangements of
the Expedition.

Dr. Sclater and Mr. Meade-Waldo were chosen to co-
operate with Mr. Grant, and it was decided that Mr. C. E.
Fagan, of the Natural History Museum, who was already
acting as Treasurer, should l)e requested to continue in that
capacity.

In reply to a question as to the total amount of money that
would be required to carry out the Expedition's uccessfully,
Mr. Grant said that he considered that £3000 would be
amply sufficient.

The meeting then terminated, after a vote of thanks to
the Zoological Society for the use of their room.

In the evening a Dinner was held at the Trocadero
Restaurant, Piccadilly Circus, Avhich was attended by 81
Members of the B. O, U. (see following List) and 24 guests.

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETIXG.

17

List of the Members of the B. 0. U. present at the
Jubilee Dinner, December 9, 1908.

Capt. Boyd AlexajS^der.

Rev. H, D. AsTLEY.

jMr. P. H. Bahb.

Col. HANBUiiY Barclay.

Dr. E-. M. Barringxon.

Mr. AVilliam Bickerxon.

Mr. Edward Bid well.

Eev. H. N. BoxAR.

Mr. J. Lewis Bonhote.

Mr. Stahstes Boormax,

Mr. H. B. Booth.

Mr. C. D. BoRRER.

Mr. P. ¥. Bun YARD.

Mr. B. E. CHEESMAisr.

Mr. AV. Eagle Clarke.

Mr. A. H. Cocks.

Mr. K. J. A. Davis.

Mr. H. E. Dresser.

Dr. P. Dawtrey Drewitt.

Mr. H. J. Elwes.

3Ir. A. H. EvAxs.

Col. PI. W. Peilden.

Mr. Charles Gtarnext.

Mr. John Gerrard.

'Capt. E. S. GoDMAN,

Dr. P. DuCane Godman.

Mr. Percy S. Godman.

Col. H. H. Godwin- Austen,

Mr. J. M. GooDALL.

Mr. Heubert Goodchild.

Mr. A. P. Grifeith.

Dr. Ernst Hartert.

Mr. W. H. HUDLESTON.
Rev. P. C. R. JOURDAIN.

Mr. Hamon Le Strange.

Col. A. P. LOYD.

Mr. C. H. Lyell.
■Commander Hubert Lynes.
Mr. G. A. Macmillan.
Mr. G. M. Mathews.
Mr. E. G. B. Meade- Waldo.
3ir. J. G. MiLLAis.

SER. IX. vol. II., JUB.-SUPPL.

The Hon. E. S. Montagu,
JMajor W. H. Mullens.
Mr. Henry Munt.
Prof. Oscar jN^EUirANN,
Mr. T. H. Newman.
Mr. Prancis Nicholson.
Mi-. W. R. Ogila'ie-Grant,
Mr. Charles Oldham.
Air. Thomas Parkin.
Air. C. E. Pearson.
Air. H. J. Pearson.
Dr. J^\ G. Penrose.
Sir T, DiGBY Pigoxt.
Air. AV. J. Percy Player.
Air. A. E. Price.

Air. W. P. PiCRAFX.

Col. R. H. Raxtray.

Air. C. B. RicKEXT.

The Ho]i, L. Walter Roth-
schild.

The Hon. N. Charles Roth-
schild.

Air. Conrad G. E. Russell.

Air, Henry Scherren,

Mr. Geoffrey Schwann.

Dr, P. L. SCLATER.

Rev. William Serle.
Air. D. Sexh-Smith.
Dr. R. BowDLER Sharpe.
Mr. P. W. Smalley.

Mr. J. H. SXENHOUSE.

Dr. C. B. TiCEHURSx.

Dr, N. P, TiCEHURsx,

Air. AuBYN Trevor-Baixye.

Mr, C, M. TuKE.

Mr. H. AI. Dpcher.

Col. R. G, Wardlaw-Ramsay.

Dr. Joseph Wiglesavorth.

Air. H. P. WlXHERBY.

Air. A. P. R. AVoLLASTON.
Col. J. AV. Yerbury.

18 PKOCEKDI.XGS OF THE SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING.

The toasts of the King, Absent Members, and Prosperity
to the B.O.I', were given by the Chairman, Dr. Sclater,
and Mr. Hudleston respectively, and Mr. Upcher proposed
the health of the fonr Medallists.

After the Dinner Mr. W. Eagle Clarke gave a short
account of the more noticeable birds which he had recently
obtained on Fair Isle. Capt. Boyd Alexander gave a most
interesting narrative, illustrated by lantern-slides, of his
journey across Africa, from Nigeria to the Nile via Lake
Chad ; and the meeting terminated with an exhibition of a
magnificent series of cinematograph photographs of wild
birds and their actions, taken and shown by Mr. Cherry
Kearton.

Ibis. Jub.SuppI.,1908.

Professor ALFRED NEWTON.

A SHORT HISTORY OF THE BcO.U. 19

.2. A Short Histonj of the British Ornithologists' Union.
By P. L. ScLATER, D.Sc, F.R.S.

I. — The Founding of the B. O. U.

In consequence of some of the documents relating to the
early days of the British Ornithologists' Union having been
lost or mislaid, it is not possible to give a complete account
of the origin of the association ; but it is believed that the
following extracts from the Preface to the first volume of
'The Ibis' contain an accurate description of the circum-
stances under Avhicii the British Ornithologists' Union was
formed : —

" For some years past a few gentlemen attached to the
'^ studv of Ornithology, most of them more or less intimately
"connected with the University of (Cambridge, had been in
''the habit of meeting together, once a year, or oftener, to
''exhibit to one another the various objects of interest
" which had occurred to them, and to talk over both
" former and future plans of adding to their knowledge of
"this branch of Natural History.

" These meetings were found agreeable by those who
" attended them, and gradually became more frequented.
"In the antumn of 1857 the gathering of naturalists
" was greater than it had hitherto been, and it appeared
" that there was a strong feeling that it would be advisable
" to establish a Magazine devoted solely to Ornithology.

"This feeling was not prompted by any jealousy of
"periodicals already existing, but by the belief that the
" number of persons Avho turned their attention jii'iwcipalh
" to this one branch of Zoology was at any rate sufficiently
" great to justify an experiment which in a neighbouring
" country, and among a kindred nation, had succeeded so
" well.

" The meeting [which was held at Cambridge] therefore
" broke up with the understanding that in the following
"year the subject should be again considered. During the

c2

20 A SHORT IIISTOHV OF THE

*' interval, conimmiicatioiis were freely kept up among
*■• those who had loeen present, as well as with others
'' interested in the same study, in order that the dillcrent
''views wliich prevailed on the subject might be compared,
^' and the project thus forwarded.

"In November 1858, the annual assemblage again took
'' place at Cambridge ; and, after due consideration, it was
"determined by those present that a Quarterly Magazine of
" General Ornithology should be established, that a limited
'' subscription should be entered into to provide a fund for
" that purpose, and that the subscribers should form an
'''Ornithological Union,^ their number at present not
" to exceed twenty."

Although the Preface to the first volume of ' The Ibis,'
from which the preceding extracts have been taken, was
drawn up by me, and signed by me as Editor of the volume,
it was revised aud corrected by Alfred Newton, so that there
can be no doubt that he fully approved of it. I believe it to
be correct in every respect.

It has been stated by Dr. Bowdler Sliarpe in his Presi-
dential Address to the Fourth International Ornithological
Congress that the first meeting of the Founders of ' The
Ibis ' took place at Canon Tristram's house at Castle Eden.
]t is quite true that in those days Canon Tristram's house
was often used as an agreeable stopping - place by his
ornithological friends who were passing by, and that the
subject of the establishment of an Ornithological Journal
might very naturally have been discussed there. But, so
far as I am aware, the early meetings of the Ornithologists
which ultimately led to the establishment of ' The Ibis '
all took place at Cambridge, with the exception of one.
This one was held at Leeds, Avhere the British Association
met in September 1858. An unusual number of Orni-
thologists were in attendance at Section D on this occasion,
amongst Avhom were Sir William Jardine, Eyton, Simpson,
Wolley, Tristram, Griuither, Newton, and myself. The
subject of the contemplated Journal of Ornithology was, I
believe, discussed on that occasion, but it was resolved to

Ibis. Jub.Suppl., 1908,

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 21

refer the decision of the matter to a meeting to he held at
Camhridge in the following ISovcmber.

In accordance with this agreement a meeting w^as held in
Professor Newton's rooms at INlagdalene College, Cambridge,
on Wednesday, November 17th, 1858. It is much to be
regretted that no formal account of this important meeting
can be found, if anything of the sort was ever drawn up,
of which I am by no means certain. But, to the best of
my knowledge and belief, the following resolutions were
discussed and adopted at that meeting : —

1. That an "Ornithologists' Union'' of twenty Members

should be formed, with the principal object of
establishing a new Journal entirely devoted to Birds.

2. That Lt.-Col. H. ]\I. Drummond should be the

President and Professor Newton the Secretary of
the Union, and that I (P. L. Sclater) should edit the
Journal.

Neither the exact title of the proposed Journal nor the
Publisher were settled on this occasion, but these matters
Mere left to ])e decided subsequently by Prof. Newton and
myself.

I cannot state positively who were present at the
inaugural meeting at Cambridge ^^ but shorth^ after mv
return to London (where I was then resident at 49 Pali
Mall, with law-chambers at Lincoln's Inn) I received from
Newton a list of the twenty Members of the Union, as
finally decided upon, in his own handwriting.

It will be seen by the facsimile of this List^ of which a copy
is given herewith, that some slight alterations and additions
were made to it by the " Editor " in his own handwriting.
These, however, were agreed to by the " Secretary," and
the List is virtually the same as that printed in the first
volume of our Journal in 1859.

On returning to London after the Cambridge Meeting
I lost no time in making arrangements for beginning the

* I can oiily say with certainly that (besides Newton and myself)
Simpson, WoUev, F. I). Godmau, and Sahin were present; I think
Edward Tavlor and Tristram were also there.

22 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE

new Journal, ]\lessrs. Triibner & Co., of Paternoster Row,
with whom I was well acquainted, agreed to publish it,
and Messrs. Taylor ^^ Francis to print it. From the head
of the latter firm, the late Dr. William Francis — a very-
capable and well-informed person, — I received the excellent
suggestion to call our new bantling 'The Ibis/ after the
sacred bird of Egypt. I at once adopted the idea, with
which Newton also was highly pleased, and we set Joseph
Wolf (then in the zenith of his fame) to work to draw the
■well-known wood-block which appeared in the first number
of ' The Ibis ' and has ever since ornamented its cover.

At the close of 1858 I was rather pressed for time, as I
had agreed to accompany my friend Edward Cavendish
Taylor on an excursion to Tunis and Eastern Algeria in
search of birds and eggs. Fortunately, before I had
absolutely committed myself to the task of Editorship, I
had secured the promises of several of my best friends to
contribute articles to the first number. Oshert Salvin had
agreed to join me in an article on the Ornithology of
Central America, with which he had made himself well
acquainted by several visits. Canon Tristram had promised
me notes on the Birds of Palestine, which he had made
during a recent excursion, and Taylor had agreed to Avork
up his ornithological reminiscences of Egypt. Newton and
his brother Edward offered to the new Journal their
observations on the Birds of St. Croix, West Indies, which
they had made in 1857, Avhile Wolley promised me inform-
ation about the breeding of the Smew in Lapland. More-
over Hewitson, who was an excellent artist, had agreed to
write an article on recent discoveries in European Oology,
and undertook to illustrate it by a plate of eggs drawn
by his own hand. Thus I was very well supported by my
friends, and encountered the somewhat severe task of
commencing a new periodical Avith a certain amount of
confidence — the more so, perhaps, as at that time I had no
idea that I should shortly be asked to undertake the
management of the affairs of the Zoological Society of
London.

BRITISH ORXlTHOIJXilSTs' UXIOX. 23

II.— The First Series of ^ The Ibis ' (1859-1864).

••' Ibimus indomiti venerantes Ibida sacram,
Ibimus incolumes qua ])rior Ibis adest."

{Editor : P. L. Sclater.)

1859.

The ready assistance received by the Editor in preparing
the first number of ' The Ibis ' has ah'eady been described.
By great exertions he managed to get it ready about
the middle of January 1859, and soon after left for Tunis
and Algeria along with Edward Taylor and two other
friends. From this pleasant place of retreat he was quickly
recalled by messages from home, urging him to return at
once and take up the Secretaryship of the Zoological Society,
Avhich was then about to be vacated. Somewhat unwillingly,
it must be allowed, he obeyed the call, and was back in
London by the end of March, hard at work on the second
number of ' The Ibis,^ in preparing which he had again the
efficient assistance of his good friends Salvin, Newton, aud
Tristram. Wolley also contributed to this number a most
interesting history of the breeding of the Crane in Lapland.
For the third and fourth numbers of the new periodical he
likewise received valuable support from his friends and
correspondents. Thus he was enabled, at the close of 1859,
to finish off a handsome volume of 490 pages ornamented
by 15 illustrations, mostly drawn by that incomparable bird-
artist, Joseph Wolf,

The General Meeting of the Members of the British
Ornithologists' Union in 1859 was held iu London on the
9th of November, but I regret to say that the Minutes of
this Meeting, like some of the other early papers, cannot be
found. The date and place of meeting are known by the
allusions to it in the minutes of the General Meeting of
1860, but no further particulars are ascertainable, except
that a call of £2 was made upon each i\Iember of the Union
towards the expenses of the Journal.

24 A SHORT HISTOKY OF THE

1860.

In 18G0 the Annual General Meeting of the Union was
held at Lincoln College, Oxford, on the 29th of June, with
Mr. J. H. Gurney in the Chair. The accounts for 1859
were submitted to the meeting and shewed a small balance in
favour of the Union, while it was announced that the first
volume of ' The Ibis ' was nearly out of print. Mr. R. F. Tomes
was elected a Member of the Union to fill up the vacancy caused
b}^ the decease of Wolley, which had taken place on November
the 20tli, 1859. It was resolved that ten Honorary Members
of the Union should be elected by ballot from Ornithologists
not residing in the United Kingdom. Dr. G. Hartlaub, of
Bremen (an old and miich-valued friend), Avho had contril^uted
an article to the first volume of ' The Ibis ■" and was at that
time at Oxford on a visit, was elected the First Honorary
Member, and the following nine other Ornithologists were
chosen to fill the list : —

Professor S. F. Baird, Washiiigtou.
Dr. E. Baldamus, Osternienburg.
Mr. E. Blyth, Calcutta.
Dr. .J. Cahanis, Berlin.
Mr. J. Cassix, Philadelpliia.
Mr. E. L. LAY.A.RD, Capetown.
Professor J. Peinhardt, Copenhagen.
IMons. Jules Verreaux, Paris.
Mr. A. IX. Wallace, East Indies.

The second volume of 'The Ibis^ (for 18G0) Avas com-
pleted by the issue of Part IV. in October. It contained
442 pages, illustrated by 15 plates. Amongst the latter
is a good figure by Wolf of the Three-toed Sand-grouse
{Syrrhaptes paradoxiis) .

1861.

In 1861 the Annual General Meeting of the Union was held
at the Zoological Society's Office, 11 Hanover Square, London,
on December 11th, the President, Col. Drummond-IIay,
being in the Chair. I had by that time discovered that the

BHITISH OKXITHOLOGISTS UXIOX. ^O

"work of editing ' The Ibis,' combined with tlie cares o£ the
Secretaryship of the Zoological Society, was more than I
could well manage, and I consequently gave notice that
I was not prepared to carry on the Editorship of ' The Ibis ■"
after the close of 1862. It was thereupon agreed that the
sum of fifty pounds should be annually appropriated to
editorial expenses, including the keeping of accounts, the
existing management being continued.

The third volume of ' The Ibis' (for 1861) was completed
in August of that year. It contained 428 pages, illustrated
by 13 plates. Amongst the many interesting papers con-
tained in it were a full account of Wolley's discovery of the
breeding of the Waxwitig in Lapland, drawn up by Newton
from Wolley's papers, and an abstract of AA'oUcy's researches
in Iceland respecting the Great Auk, likewise prepared by
NcAvton from Wolley's memoranda.

1862.

The Meeting of the British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science having been fixed to be held at Cambridge
in October 1862, it was thought convenient that the Annual
General Meeting of the B.O. U. should take place on the same
occasion. The meeting was accordingly held at Magdalene
College, Cambridge, on the 7th o£ October, the President,
Col. Drumm.ond-Hay, being in the Chair. At this meeting-
Mr. Wallace, having returned to England, was elected an
Extra- Ordinary Member of the Union, and Mr. Robert
Swinhoe, of Her Majesty's Chinese Consular Service, avIio
had recently commenced the long series of i)apers on
Chinese Ornithology which he pubUshed in ' The Ibis,'
Avas elected an Honorary Member. The accounts having
been examined and passed, it was found necessary to ask
for a subscription of thirty shilHngs from each Member in
order to meet the expenditure.

The fourth volume of the First Series of '^ The Ibis' was
completed in August 1862. It contained 404 pages, illus-
tiatcd by 13 plates. Newton contributed to tins volume his
often-quoted paper " On the supposed Gular Pouch of tlie

)IG A SHORT HISTORY OF THK

Great Bustard," and George Gray sent us a Revised Jjist of
the Birds of New Zealand.

1863.

In 1863 the Annual General Meeting of the Union was held
at 11 Hanover Square, London, on the 9th of December,
Mr. W. H. Hawker in the Chair. The accounts for 1862
and the estimate for 1863 having been examined shewed a
probable deficit at the close of 1863 of .€100. The Editor
announced that under these circumstances he would decline
to receive the sum of £50 for his " editorial expenses " in
1864', and it was agreed that a subscription of £o from each
Member be required for that year. It was also agreed that
the First Series of ' The Ibis ' should be brought to a close
in 1864, and that the best mode of continuing the Journal
should be specially considered at a General ^Meeting to be
held in May 1864.

The fifth volume of the First Series of ' The Ibis ' (1863)
was published in October of that year. It contained
498 pages, illustrated by 13 plates. Among other papers of
special interest was Swinhoe's first article on Formosan
Ornithology, which was illustrated by a plate of (atcus
spilonotus drawn by Wolf. Swinhoe included 201 species in
the list of Formosan Birds then known to him.

1864.

In accordance with a motion carried at the Annual General
Meeting of ]863, a Special Meeting of the B. O. U. was
held at 11 Hanover Square, London, on the 20th of May,
1864. Col. Drummond-Hay^ the President, was in the
Chair, and twelve other Members were present. The pre-
liminary business having been transacted, the Editor stated
that, in accordance with the notice that had been given at
the previous Meeting in 1863, he could not undertake to
carry on the Editorship of ' The Ibis ' after the completion
of the volume for 1864. It Avas then proposed by Lord
Lilford, and carried unanimously, that a Second Series of ' The

BRITISH OKXITIIOLOGISTS' UXIOX. 27

Ibis ' should be commenced under the Editorship of Alfred
Newton. Newton (as already arranged beforehand) accepted
the proposed Editorship and vacated the office of Secretary,
to which Salvin Avas elected. It was also agreed that an
annual subscription of thirty shillings should be paid by
every Member of the B. O. U. in aid of the new Series.

Another very important alteration in our Rules (which
had^ however, been previously well discussed amongst us)
Avas finally agreed upon at this Meeting, namely that the
restrictioa of the number of Members of the Union to
twenty should no longer be maintained, and that any number
of additional Members might be elected by ballot, provided
that their names had been inserted in the notice convening
the Meeting. The result, under this Rule, has been that the
numbei" of Ordinary Members, formerly only 20, has now
gradually risen to 435 !

A second General Meeting of the Union was held in 18G1
on the 9th of November, at 11 Hanover Square, London,
Canon Tristram in the Chair, at which, in accordance with
the new Rule passed at the previous Meeting, nine new
Ordinary Members of the B. O. U. were proposed and elected.
It was also agreed that Honorary Members of the Union
Avho came to reside permanently in the United Kingdom
might be elected Extra-Ordinary Members and that no sub-
scription should be demanded of them. In accordance
with this resolution, Edward Blyth, an Honorary Member
of the Union Avho had come to reside in this country, was
elected an Extra-Ordinary Member of the B. O. U. The
vacancy thus caused in the list of Honorary Members
was filled by the election of Surgeon-Major T. C. Jerdon,
of the Indian Army, the author of Jerdon^s ' Birds of
India.'

The fourth number of ' The Ibis ' for 1864 was issued in
August of that year, and the First Series of our Journal was
thus completed. The volume for 1864 contained 440 pages
and 10 plates. In it will be found Prof. Newton's article
on the " Irruption of Pallas's Sand-grouse in 1863.'' In the
Preface to the volume the Editor expressed his sincere regret

28 A SHOUT HISTOKV OF THK

that the heavy pressure ol: other duties had compelled hioi
to resign his office. Such regret, however, had been muck
lessened by the consent of his friend Alfred Newton, who,
as the readers of ' The Ibis ' must be aware, was specially
qualified lor the post, to be his successor in the Editorship.

III. — The SEco-vn Series of 'The Ibis' (1865-70).

" Ibiclis iuterea tu quoqiie nomen liabe ! "'
(Editor : Alfred Newton.)

1865.

After the last General Meeting in November 1864,
Newton set to work at once on his new duties of
editorship, and, as was to be expected, brought out his
four numbers with unfailing regularity. To this volume
Canon Tristi^am furnished an important paper on the
Ornithology of Palestine^a subject that he was specially
engaged upon all his working life, and which was finally
expanded into his standard work on the ^ Fauna and Flora
of Palestine,^ published in 1884. The Editor himself gave
us his notes on the Birds of Spitsbergen, and Lord Lilford
contributed an elegant essay on the Ornithology of Spain.
Joseph Wolf, who was much under Newton's influence, was
persuaded to contribute some excellent illustrations to this
volume (see liis figures of the Tawny Eagle and of Krilper's
Nuthatch). The volume, when completed, contained 566
pages and 11 plates.

The Annual General Meeting of the Union for 1865 was
held at 11 Hanover Square, London, on the 17th of May,
Viscount Walden (who liad been elected a Member of the
Union at the previous Meeting) being in the Chair. Five
new Members of the Union were elected, amongst whom
was Mr. Henry Eeles Dresser, afterwards the author of ' The
Birds of Europe.' A call of £4 was made upon the Ordinary
Members to pay oft' the debt on the First Series of ' The
Ibis,' and the balance was ordered to be carried to the
credit of the Second Series.

BKITISH OKXITHOLOGISTS' UXIOX. ^9

On commencing tlie Second Series of 'The Ibis/ the
publication was transferred from N. Triibner & Co. to
Van Voorstj the well-known Natural-History Bookseller
of Paternoster Row, w^ho continued to act as publisher of
our Journal until his death in 1886.

1866.

In 1866 the Annual General Meeting Avas held at
11 Hanover Square, London, Lord Lilford in the Chair.
Three new ]\I embers were elected, and the accounts for the
past year, which shewed a deficit of .€108, were considered.
It was agreed that a subscription of .€3 10^. should be called
for to meet the deficiency, and that the letterpi^ess of the
future volumes of the Journal should be slightly reduced
in amount in order to lessen the expense.

In accordance with the resolution passed at the General
Meeting, the number of pages in ' The Ibis ' for 1866 was
reduced to 440. There were several communications of
first-rate interest in the volume, amongst which were
Godman's notes on the Birds of the Azores and Pro-
fessor Ovven^s description of the remains of a large new
extinct Parrot from the Mauritius. Blyth commenced in it
a valuable commentary on Jerdon^s ' Birds of India,^ and
Lord Lilford wrote a series of notes on Spanish Ornithology.
All the beautiful plates of Birds in this volume were drawn
by Joseph Wolf.

1867.

On the 27th of March, 1867, the Members of the Union
again assembled for their Annual General Meeting at
11 Hanover Square, London, with Lord Lilford in the
Chair. A letter from Col. H. M. Drummond-Hay stated
that, owing to the distance at which he lived and his
consequent inability to attend the Meetings regularly, he
Avished to resign the office of President. The resignation
was accepted with much regret, and Lord Lilford was duly

30 A SH(JUT HISTORY OF TH K

elected President in liis place. Two new Members Avere
elected at this meeting.

The volume of ' The Ibis '' for 1867^ Avhich Avas completed
in October of that year, contained 490 pages and 10 plates.
In it Blyth continued his valuable commentary on Jerdon's
' Birds of India/ and Edward Newton Avrote an important
paper on the Birds of the Seychelles Archijjclago, Avhich he
had then lately visited and of which previously very little
Avas knoAvn. Tristram and Swinhoe AAcre both contributors
to this volume. The coloured plates Averc mostly drawn by
Wolf, in his usual excellent style.

1868.

The Annual General Meeting of the B.O.U. for 1868 was
held at 11 Hanover Square, Loudon, Avhere, in the absence
of the President, P. L. Sclater Avas requested to take the
Chair. Six new Members Avere elected. The accounts
shewed a deficit of only £17, and it Avas agreed that
a su])scription of £\ should be called for from each
Member. It was also agreed that the number of copies
of ' The Ibis ' to be printed after that year should be 275
instead of .250. After the Meeting a Dinner of the Members
and their friends took place in the Pall INIall Restaurant.
This is the first Dinner of the B. O. U. that I can find
recorded in the Minutes.

The A^olume of 'The Ibis ' for 1868 was completed by the
issue of the fourth number in October of that year. There
were 550 pages in the volume, which Avas illustrated by
10 plates. Amongst the more important papers Avere those
by Wallace on the Raptorial Birds of the Malay Archipelago
and by the Rev. A. C. Smith on the Birds of Portugal.

1869.

In 18G9 the Annual General Meeting of the B, O. U. was
again held at 11 Hanover Square, London, Avith P. L. Schiter
in the Chair, in tlic absence of the President. Dr. A. von
Pelzeln, of A ienna, Avas elected an Honorary Member of

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 31

the Union, in the place of Mr. John Cassin, deceased ; and
Mr. Allan Octavian Hume, C.B., was elected an Ordinary
Member, The subscription for the year was fixed at £1,
and it was agreed that an entrance- fee of :t2 should be
required from all Members elected after that meeting. The
subsequent Dinner took place at the Pall Mall Restaurant.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1869, being the fifth of the
Second Series^ contained 478 pages, illustrated by 16 plates.
Amongst the articles was an important paper by von Heuglin
on the Malurinse of North-eastern Africa^ which was
illustrated by 3 plates. In this volume also the Editor gave
an account of the Strickland Collection of Birds, which
had been lately presented by Strickland's widow to the
University of Cambridge.

1870.

On the nth of May, 1870, Lord Lilford (the President)
took the Chair at the Annual General jNIeeting, which Avas
held at 11 Hanover Square, 15 jNlembers being present.
The accounts for 1869 showed a deficit of j667 10*., which,
how^ever, was more than covered by the subscriptions in
arrear, and it was agreed that the subscription for 1870
should be €1. Ten new Members were elected, amongst
whom were Howard Saunders, Capt. Shelley, Major Irby,
and Sir Victor Brooke. Prof. Newton gave notice of his
resignation of the Editorship of ' The Ibis ' at the end of the
current year, and Osbert Salvin was elected Editor in his
place, to commence a Third Series in 1871.

Salvin, having accepted the Editorship, resigned the office
of Secretary at the close of the year, and Mr. F. D. Godman
was appointed in his place.

A Committee, consisting of the President, the Secretary,
the late and the new Editors, and Lord Walden, was ap-
pointed to draw up a Code of Rules for the B. O. U. After
the meeting the usual Dinner took place at the Pall Mall
Restaurant.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1870 was duly completed in

32 A SHORT HISTORY OK THE

October of that year by the issue of the fourth, number of the
Second Series. It contained 558 pages, illustrated by 15
plates, mostly d)'awn by Keulemans (who had then lately
arrived from Holland) in his very best style. Among the most
noticeable contributions to this volume were Claude Wyatt^s
account of the Birds of Sinai, Swinhoe's narrative of his
expedition to Hainan and list of its Birds, and Prof. Newton's
Catalogue of the existing remains of Alca impennis. Newton
recorded 71 or 72 skins, 9 skeletons, detached bones of 38
or 41 different l)irds, and 65 eggs as known to him in 1870.
The volume for 1870 concluded witli a General Index to the
Second Series.

The roll of Members of the B. O. U. in 1870 contained
the names of 49 Ordinary Members, 2 Extra-Ordinary
^Members, and 10 Honorarv jMembers.

IV.— The Third Series of 'The Ibis ' (1871-76).

•' Ibidis nuspicio novas incipit Ibiclis ordo ! ''

[Editor : Osbert Salvin.)

1871.

I think I may fairly say that some of the leading jMembers
of the Union were not altogether pleased wlien Newton
announced his determination to give up the Editorship of
^The Ibis' after the conclusion of the Second Series. We
were, however, much comforted at having a fully competent
person ready to undertake the work. Osbert Salvin was
equally good as a naturalist in the field and at his desk, and
was (omnium consensu) in every respect well qualified for the
post.

The Annual General Meeting for 1871 was held at

II Hanover Square, London, on the 10th of ]May. In the
absence of the President, P. L. Sclater was in the Chair.
Fourteen Members were present. Eive new ^Members were
elected, amongst whom was llichard Bowdler Sharpe, then
of Tower House, Caversham Road, London, proposed by
Viscount Walden, The Committee appointed in 1870 to

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 33

draw up a code of llules for the Union presented their
Report^ and the rules that they proposed were adopted with
a few verbal alterations. They were to all intents and
purposes the same as those now in force, which are given
at the end of this Short History. The accounts for 1870
(shewing a balance of ii^lOO in hand) were passed, and a
subscription of .€;1 Is. was ordered for 1871.

The first volume of the Third Series of ' The Ibis/ when
completed, contained 501 pages, illustrated by 12 plates,
mostly drawn by Keulemans and Smit. Amongst the articles
were Howard Saunders^s account of the Birds of Southern
Spain, and Capt. Shelley's contributions to the Ornithology
of Egypt. Wyatt also gave an interesting account of his
short expedition to the United States of Colombia.

1872.

In 1872 the Annual General fleeting of the B. O. \L
took place at 11 Hanover Square, London, on the 8tli of
May, Viscount Walden in the Chair, Five new Ordinary
Members, one Honorary Member (Dr. 0. Finsch of Bremen),
and fifteen Foreign Members were baliotted for and elected.
The accounts, shewing a slight excess of income over ex-
penditure, were passed, and the usual Dinner at the Pall
Mall Restaurant was held after the Meeting.

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1872, being the second of
the Third Series, contained 491 pages, illustrated by
15 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst other
interesting articles in this volume will be found an account
by Capt. Shelley and Mr. T. E. Buckley of their two months'
bird-collecting on the Gold Coast.

1873.
In 1873 the Annual General Meeting of the Union was
held on April 2nd, at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square,
in some rooms rented in the name of Mr. H. E. Dresser,
which were then the frequent resort of Lord Lilford, Salvin,
Godman, Shelley, Tristram, and other Members of the Union.

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUli.-SUPPL. D

34 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE

Viscount Walden was in the Chair. The accounts were
passed, and ten new Members were elected. Amongst the
Ordinary Members who joined us on that day we find the
names o£ Blanford, Harvie-Browii, Col. Feilden, Garrod,
and Seebohm. Robert Collett, of Christiania, was elected a
Foreign Member.

The volume of 'The Ibis ' for 1873 contained 514 pages,
illustrated by 15 plates, mostly the work of Keulemans.
Salvin being absent in Guatemala during most of the year,
Sclater, who had undertaken to do his work, wrote and
signed for him the Preface. Amongst other good papers in
this volume, attention may be called to Lord Walden's
account of the collection of birds made in the Andaman
Islands by his nephew, Lt.-Col. R. Wardlaw-Ramsay, who,
during a two mouths' visit to Port Blair, had obtained
460 specimens rejn-esenting 62 species.

1874.

In 1874 the Annual General Meeting of the Union was
held at 6 Tenterden Street, on the 27th of May, the
President, Viscount Walden, in the Chair. Eleven new
Members were elected, amongst whom were Col. Godwin-
Austen and C. B. Wharton.

Salvin having returned home, a second General Meeting
of the Union was held in Tenterden Street, on the 17th of
June of the same year, Viscount Walden in the Chair, when
the accounts of 1873 (audited by Mr. Dresser) were passed.
It was agreed that authors of papers in ' The Ibis ' should
be entitled to have twenty-five separate copies of their
papers gratis, if demanded. It was also agreed that the
Editor should be requested to consider the expediency of
altering the mode of reviewing ornithological literature then
used in ' The Ibis.^

The volume of ' The Ibis ^ for 1874 (being the fourth
volume of the Third Series) contained 486 pages, illustrated
by 14 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst the
articles in this volume will be found a paper by Lord Walden

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION. 35

•on a second collection of birds made by Lt.-Col. Wardlaw-
Ramsay in the Andaman Islands, and Salvin's account of
his visits to the Museums of the United States.

1875.

The Annual General Meeting of the Union for 1875 was
lield at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on May 26th,
Prof. Newton in the Chair. Seven new Ordinary Members
were elected, and Hans, Graf von Berlejisch and the Marquis
Giacomo Doria were elected Foreign Members.

It was agreed that on the close of the Third Series steps
should be taken to prepare a General Index of ' The Ibis ^
from its commencement.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1875 contained 540 pages,
illustrated by 10 plates, drawn by Keulemans and Smit.

The Preface of this volume was written and signed by
the Editor, Salvin, who had returned from Guatemala, and
was at that time residing at Brooklands Avenue, Cambridge.

1876.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1876 was
held at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on Tuesday,
April 18th, Lord Lilford, President, in the Chair. Eight
new Ordinary Members were elected, amongst whom were
H.R.H. The Duke of Connaught. The name of Mr, Swinhoe,
who had taken up his residence in England, was transferred
to the list of Extra-Ordinary Members.

The sixth and last volume of the Third Series of ' The
Ibis ' being about to ])e issued before the close of this year,
it was proposed that Salvin should be elected Editor of a
Seventh Series, to commence in 1877. Salvin, however,
was at that time much pressed by other duties, and demurred
to undertaking the sole responsibility of the Editorship.
It was therefore ultimately agreed that P. L. Sclater should
be requested to become Joint Editor with Salvin of the
new Series.

j)2

36 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE

The sixth vohimc of the Third Series of 'The Ibis *^
(which was completed in August 187G) contained 522 pages,
illustrated by 14 plates, mostly prepared by Keuleraans, iu
his best style. Amongst other important papers, Newton
contributed an article " On the Assignation of a Type to
Liuuean Genera/' \yhich deserves special attention, and
Canon Tristram favoured us Avitli a paper " On the Birds of
the New Hebrides/' Besides the ordinary Index, a General
Subject-Index to the whole of the Third Series (1871-1876)
was published -v^itli this volume.

Subsequently Salviii, who was much devoted to index-
making, a most useful but very laborious kind of Avork too
often neglected, prepared a General Index of the names of
the Genera and Species of Birds referred to in the first three
Series (1859-1876), which was printed and published iu
1879.

At the termination of the Third Series of ' The Ibis ' in
1876 it will be seen by the List of Members in the last
volume that the Roll of the B. O. U. at that period contained
the names of 89 Ordinary Members, 1 li^xtra-Ordinary
Member, 8 Honorary IMembers, and 17 Foreign Members.

v.— The Fourth Series of 'The Ibis' (1877-1882).

" Ibis avis robusta et multos vivit iu aunos.''

[Editors : Osbert Salvin and Philip Ll'tley Sclater.)

1877.

The Annual General Meeting of the Union for 1877 was
held at 6 Tenterdeu Street, Hanover Square, on the 16th of
May, 1877, Arthur, Marquis of Tweeddale, in the Chair.
The accounts for 1876 were examined and passed, and 12 new
Ordinary Members were elected. There was a Dinner after
the Meeting at the Pall Mall Restaurant.

On the 7th of November, 1877, a Special General Meeting
of the Union, called b}' the Committee at the request of ten
Members, was held at 6 Tenterdeu Street to consider the
rules relating to the election of new Members. P. L. Sclater

BRITISH OKXITHOLOGISTS' UXIOX. 37

was ill the Chair. After some discussion the following-
resolutions were agreed to : —

No person shall be ballotted for whose name shall not
have been proposed tjn a form provided by the Secretary
and signed by the Proposer on his personal knowledge
and by two other ]\Iembers.

The List of Candidates with their proposers and
seconders shall be circulated amongst the Members
along with the summonses for the General Meeting.

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1877 (being the first volume
of the Fourth Series) contained 512 pages, illustrated by
14 plates drawn by Kenlemans and Smit. Mr. C. G. Danford
contributed an important paper to this volume on the Birds
of Asia Minor, and Col. Feilden gave us an interesting-
account of the Birds observed in Smith Sound and the Polar
Basin during the Arctic Expedition of 1875-1876.

1878.

Ill 1878 the Annual General Meeting of the B, O. U. Avas
held at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on the 15tli of
May, P. L. Sclater in the Chair, when the accounts, having
been examined and found correct by Mr. Seebohm, were
passed. They shewed a balance in hand of £36. Nine
new Members were elected, amongst whom was Mr. Henry
T. Wharton, one of the principal compilers of the B. O. U.
List of British liirds published in 1883.

The Dinner after the Meeting was held at the Grosvenor
Restaurant, Bond Street.

The desirability of preparing and publishing a General
Index of the first three Series of ' The Ibis ' was discussed,
and, in order to prevent any temporary embarrassment
of the Union's funds, it was agreed to raise a Guarantee
Fund among the Members to cover its cost, although it
was expected that the amount to be received ultimately
from the sale of the Index-volume would nearly suffice.
It was also agreed that every guarantor should be permitted
to take as many copies of the Index as he might require, up

38 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE

to five copies, at £1 each, iu lieu of an equivalent amount
of his subscription. On this resolution being carried,
19 Members of the Union at once put down their names
for five copies each.

Mr. Salvin undertook the preparation of the Index,
in -which task he was kindly helped by Mrs. Strickland,
Mrs. Salvin, Miss Salvin, Mrs. Howard Saunders, and
Mr. Alfred Rogers, of the University Library, Cambridge.

The General Index to the first three Series of ' The Ibis '
was completed and published in 1879.

At the same meeting, also, the project of a new List of
British Birds was first brought forward. After consultation
with some of my fellow-workers, I proposed that a Committee
should be appointed to draw up, for the use of the writers in
' The Ibis,^ a List of British Birds, in accordance with the
most approved principles of modern nomenclature. This
proposal was agreed to, and the following seven members of
the Union were requested to serve on the Committee, A'iz. the
two Editors of ' The Ibis ' (Salvin and Sclater), F. D. Godman
(then Secretary of the Union), Dresser, Prof. Newton,
Seebohm, and Henry Wharton; but Professor Newton
subsequently excused himself from joining the Committee.
The first meeting of this Committee was held on June 4'tli,
1878, when Sclater was elected Chairman, and Wharton
Secretary and General Editor. At a subsequent meeting of
the Committee, Howard Saunders and R. Bowdler Sharpe
were invited to join us. Altogether seventy-one meetings
of the Committee were held, the etymology of the names
adopted having been entrusted entirely to Henry Wharton,
who was an excellent classical scholar.

The result of this plan was the well-known List of British
Birds published by Van Voorst for the Union in 1883, and
generally used by writers in ' The Ibis ' ever since.

The second volume of the Fourth Series of ' The Ibis "
(edited by Salvin and myself) contained 508 pages, illus-
trated by 12 plates, mostly executed by Keulemans and Smit.
In it will be found several good papers by Lord Tweeddale,
Lavard and his son (who were at that time resident in New

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 39

Caledonia), Seebohm, and Blakiston. An important paper
in this volume is the '■' Catalogue of the Birds of Japan,"
prepared by Captain Blakiston and Mr. Pryer. The breeding
of the Sacred Ibis in the Zoological Society^s Gardens in
1877 was duly chronicled by one of the Editors, and figures
of the young bird and egg were given to illustrate it.

1879.

In 1879 the Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. was
held at 6 Tenterden Street^ Hanover Square, on May the
7th, P. L. Sclater in the Chair, and six new Members were
elected. The accounts were examined and passed. It was
announced by Mr. Salvin that the Index-volume to the
first three Series of 'The Ibis' (1859-1876) w^as ready for
issue, and it was agreed that copies of it should be sold to
Members at £\ each. The usual Dinner after the Meeting
took place at the Grosvenor Restaurant, Bond Street.

The third volume of the Fourth Series of ' The Ibis/
issued in 1879, forming the twenty-first volume of the whole
work, contained 506 pages, illustrated by 12 plates, mostly
drawn by Keulemans and Smit. In it will be found excellent
articles b}^ Gurncy, Seebohm, and Tristram, and an account
of the Birds of Ascension Island prepared by Mr. F. G.
Penrose. The map attached to Mr. Danford's " Further
Contributions to the Ornithology of Asia Minor" (plate ii.
p. 81) shews how widely that excellent Naturalist extended
his travels and exj)lorations in that country.

1880.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1880 Avas
held at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on May the 19th,
Lord Lilford, President, in the Chair. Nine new Ordinary
Members were elected. Herr H. Gatke, of Heligoland, was
made an Honorary Member of the Union, and Mr. 11. Ridgway,
U.S.A., a Foreign Member. The accounts, examined and
found correct by Henry Seebohm, were passed ; they shewed
a balance in hand of nearly £100. The Dinner after the

40 A SHOKT HISTORY OF THE

]\Ieeting took place at the Grosveuor Restaiiraut, Bond
Street.

The fourth volume of the Fourth Series of ' The Ibis,'
edited by Salvin and myself iu 1880, contained 49(5 pages,
illustrated by 15 plates, drawn by our usual artists Keulemans
and Smit. To this volume Captain Wardlaw-Rarasay contri-
buted some excellent ornithological notes from Afghanistan,
and Salvin described the last collection made by Henry
Durnford in the northern provinces of the Argentine
Republic. Durnford's researches were continued up to
within a few days of his lamented death, which took place
at Salta on the 11th of July, 1878.

1881.

In 1881 the Annual General Meeting of the Union was
held at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on May the
18th, Lord Lilford, President, in the Chair, when twelve new
Ordinary Members were elected. Two new Foreign Members,
Colonel N. Prjevalsky and Dr. A. B. Meyer, were also
elected. The accounts for 1880, sheAving a balance of €97
in favour of the Union, were explained by Mr. Salvin, and
passed. It was agreed that the List of British Birds prepared
by the Committee appointed in 1879 should be printed as a
separate volume at the expense of the B. O. U., and sold for
the benefit of the Union,

The volume of *The Ibis' for 1881, edited by Salvin and
myself, was rather larger than those Avhich preceded it, con-
taining 627 pages, illustrated by 17 plates, mostly drawn by
Keulemans. It commenced with an excellent fesitme of the
papers on the Anatomy and Classification of Birds, written
by the late Professor Garrod, whose loss we had then lately
suffered. This was prepared by W. A. Forbes, avIio suc-
ceeded him in the Prosectorship of the Zoological Society,
and gives a full account of his predecessor's thirty-eight
papers on these subjects.

Another important article in this volume was ]\Iajor J.
Biddulph's account of the Birds of Gilgit, a new locality as

BRITISH ORXITIIOLOGISTS'' UNION. 41

regards Ornitliology. In the same volume, also, will be
found Forbes's account of his eleven weeks spent in Northern
Brazil.

1882.

The Annual General fleeting of the Union in 1882 took
place at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on jNlay the
17th, P. L. Sclater in tlie Chair, when nine new Members were
elected. The accounts for 1881, shcAving a balance in hand
of £73, having been examined and fovmd correct by Mr. J. E.
Harting, were passed. Some discussion took place concern-
ing the date of the Annual General Meeting, Avliich, however,
was left to the decision of the Committee.

Salvin announced that the Fourth Series of ' The Ibis '
being completed with the volume of 1882, he did not propose
to offer himself for re-election as one of the Editors for
another series, and Mr. Godman intimated his wish to resign
the Secretaryship. Under these circumstances, Howard
Saunders was requested to join Sclater in the Editorship
of the next Series, and Mr. H. E. Dresser was elected
Secretary.

The sixth volume of the Fourth Series of ' The Ibis '
(edited by Salvin and myself), being the twenty-fourtli of the
Avhole work, contained 629 pages, illustrated by \^ coloured
plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. An important article
in this volume is that of Edgar Layard and his son on the
Birds of Nbav Caledonia, Avherc they had been resident for
more than five years.

The Roll of the British Ornithologists' Union, printed in the
volume for 1882, shews that there were then 125 Ordinary
Members, 1 Extra-Ordinary Member, 9 Honorary Members,
and 19 Foreign Members in the List.

42 A SHORT HISTORY OJ THE

VI.— The Fifth Series of 'The Ibis ' (1883-1888).

"Ibis avis robusta et multos vivit in annos."

{Editors: Philip Lutley Sclater and Howard Saunders.)

1883.

I was very sorry to lose Salvin as my co-Eclitor o£ ' The
Ibis/ for, as I have already stated, he was highly qualified
for the post from every point of view. At the same time^ in
commencing work in 1883, I had the advantage of another
fully competent partner. Howard Saunders, with whom
Salvin had arranged to take the vacant post, was not only
a leading authority on the Birds of Europe, but also an
excellent writer of English and a well-known reviewer of
literary works connected with Natural History.

The usual Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1883
was held at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on May the
30th^ Lord Lilford, the President of the Union, being in the
Chair. The accounts, examined by Howard Saunders and
shewing a balance in favour of the Union of £38 at the close
of the preceding year, having been passed, seven new Ordinary
Members were ballotted for and elected. Professor O. C.
Marsh, of jSFewhaven, U.S.A., was also elected a Foreign
Member of the Union. Henry Wharton, the Secretary to
the Committee appointed in 1877 to prepare a List of
British Birds, presented a Report on the work of that
Committee and laid copies of the new List upon the table.
The Report was adopted, and it was consequently agreed
that the Committee be authorized to settle with Mr. Van
Voorst as to the publishing price of the List of British
Birds. The usual Dinner, which was held at the Grosvenor
Restaurant, was attended by thirty Members of the B. O. U^.
and guests.

The first volume of the Fifth Series of 'The Ibis^ (edited
by Sclater and Saunders) contained G05 pages, illustrated by
14 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans and Smit. Amongst

BRITISH ornithologists' rxio>:. 45

the papers I may call special attention to the List of the
Birds collected by the late W. A. Forbes during his fatal
expedition to the Niger^ prepared by Captain Shelley, and to
Forbes's last Journal which accompanies it. Forbes died
on the Niger near Shonga on the 14th of January, 1883.

1884.

In 1884 the Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U.
■was held at 6 Tenterden Street, on the 21st of May. The
President (Lord Lilford) being absent through illness,
P. L. Sclater was voted to the Chair. The Eeport of the
Committee having been read, and the accounts examined
and passed, sixteen new Members vrere elected. The usual
Dinner was held in the evening, and was attended by about
thirty Members and guests.

The second volume of the Fifth Series of ' The Ibis '
(edited by Saunders and myself) contained 489 pages,
illustrated by 14 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans.
Amongst the jjapers of special interest attention may be
called to Mr. Abel Chapman's '' Rough Notes on Spanish
Ornithology,'' wherein the first authentic description of the
nesting of the Flamingo in Southern Spain was published,
accompanied by sketches of the parent bird on the nest.

1885.

In 1885 the Annual General Meeting of the Union took
place at 6 Tenterden Street, where, in the absence of the
President from illness, P. L. Sclater was in the Chair. The
Report of the Committee gave a satisfactory account of the
finances at the close of the preceding year. More than half
the heavy debt caused by the publication of ' The Ibis List of
British Birds ' had been paid off. The accounts having been
passed, nine new Ordinary Memliers were elected. The
Annual Dinner was subsequently held at the Cafe Royal and
was attended by twenty-five Members and guests.

The third volume of the Fifth Series of ' The Ibis' (1885)
contained 481 pages, illustrated by 1.2 plates, mostly executed

44 A SHORT HISTORY oT thl;

by Keulemans and Smit. A paper by Mr. J. Whitehead
entitled " Ornithological Notes from Corsica '•" contains a
description (accompanied by excellent figures of the bird
and egg) of the remarkable Nutiiatch of which he Avas
the discoverer, and which AA'orthily bears his name. A
paper prepared by Salvin gives an account of the large
series of Birds ol)tained by Mr. Henry AVhitely in British
Guiana.

1886.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. in 1886 was
held at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on May the 13th.
In the absence of the President, the Chair was occupied by
P. L. Sclater. The Committee reported that the Union main-
tained its usual prosperity and that the remainder of the debt
incurred through the publication of the List of British Birds
had been entirely liquidated, so that there was a balance in
liand, besides which the remaining stock of the List was an
asset that need not be lost sight of. The Report having been
adopted and the accounts passed, fifteen new Ordinary
]Members were ballotted for and elected, besides which
Dr. Julius von Madanisz, of Buda-Pesth, was elected a
Foreign INIember, and Mr. Thomas Ayres, of Potchefstroom,
Transvaal, an Honorary Member. After the jNIeeting the
usual Dinner was held at the Cafe Royal, and was attended
by twenty-eight Members and guests.

The volume of ' The Ibis' for 1886 (being the fourth of
the Fifth Series) contained 549 pages, illustrated by 1.2 plates,
mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst these is an excellent
figure of the Darter discovered by Canon Tristram breeding
on the Lake of Antioch, which is referred to PJutiis levaillanti.
The figure was taken from Tristram's Syrian specimen and
represents an adult bird iu full plumage. There is also a
figure of the fine Bird-of-Paradise [Paradisornis riulolphi),
to illustrate a paper by Doctors O. Finsch and A. B. Meyer
on " Some new Paradise-Birds.'^

BllITISH ()RMTHOL()(;li^Ts' UNION. 45-

1887.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1887 was
held in Captain Shelley's room at 6 Tenterden Street^ on May
the 4th. In the absence of the President, tlie Chair was taken
by P. L. Sclater. The accounts, examined by Mr. Bidwell,
havini;- been passed and the Report ot the Committee read
and adopted, ten new Members were ballotted for and elected.
The Secretary called the attention of the Members present to
a petition against the extension of Close Time for Sea-birds
in the North E/iding of Yorkshire. After a long discussion,
on the subject it was agreed that, in the opinion of the
Members of the B. 0. U. present, an extension of the
Close Time for Sea-birds on the east coast of England to the
1st of September would be highly desirable. The Annual
Dinner was held after the Meeting at the Cafe Royal, and
attended by thirty-two Members and guests. ^

The twenty-ninth volume of ' The Ibis,' being the fifth,
volume of the Fifth Series, contained 493 pages, illustrated
by 14 plates, mostly executed by Keulemans. Amongst the
papers of great interest is a memoir by Dr. R. Bowdler
Sharpe on the Birds collected by Mr. John Whitehead on
Mount Kiua Balu in Northern Borneo. Thirty-four species-
are described as belonging to the collection, amongst which
is a remarkable new form ot Dicruridie, proposed to be
called Chlamydochcera jef/eryi.

1888.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1888 was
held in the rooms of the Zoological Society, 3 Hanover
Square, on May the Kith. In the absence of the President
through illness, the Chair was taken by Mr. W. T. Blanford.
The Committee presented their report, which gave an
explanation of the prosperous state of the finances. As
the Fifth Series of ' The Ibis ' would be completed by the
issue of the volume for the current year, the question of the
Editorship had been taken into consideration. The Com-
mittee regretted to say that Mr. Howard Saunders Avas

46 A SHORT HISTOHY OF TH IC

unable to continue as co-Editor, but that Mr. Sclater liad
expressed liis readiness to undertake the Editorship alone for
the Sixth Series. A motion to that eftect was proposed
by Newton, seconded by Salvin, and carried unanimously.
Thirteen new jNIembers Avere then ballottcd for and elected.
The Annual Dinner, held at the Cafr Royal, was attended
by twenty-six Members and guests.

The thirtieth volume, being the sixth and concluding
volume of the Fifth Series of ' The Ibis ' (edited by Saunders
and Sclater), contained 513 pages, illustrated by 13 plates,
mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst other j^^pers in
this volume is one by AV. K. Parker, on the claws in the
wings of the E-atitre, and a further account of the new birds
discovered by Mr. Whitehead on Kina Balu in Northern
Borneo, prepared by Dr. Bowdler Sharpe. A figure drawn
by Keulemans of the magnificent species Calyptomena
whitehealli is also given.

At the end of the volume, besides the usual index, there
will be found a General Index to the Fifth Series (1883 to
1888).

At the close of this Series of ' The Ibis ' the Roll of the
B. O. U. contained the names of 186 Ordinary Members,
1 Extra-Ordinary Member, 8 Honorary Members, and 20
Eoreign Members.

VII.— The Sixth Series of ^ The Iris' (1889-1894).

" Cognovi omuia volatilia cceli."

[Editor: Philip Lutley Sclater.)

1889.
The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1889 was
held at the rooms of the Zoological Societ}^, on May the 8th.
In the absence of the President from ill-health, P. L. Sclater
was requested to occupy the Chair. The accounts, which had
been examined and found correct by Mr. Bidwell, having
been passed, fourteen new Members were ballotted for and

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS^ UXIOX. 47

elected. The lease of the house, 6 Tenterden Street^ Hanover
Square, having expired, tlie Committee announced that the
official headquarters of the Union for the present would be
18 Princes Street, Cavendish Square. Tiie election of a
new Secretary in place of Mr. H. E. Dresser, who was
absent from England, but, as it was believed, wished to
retire, was left in the hands of the Committee, who met
subsequently and selected Mr. F. D. Godinan for that
office. The usual Dinner after the Meeting was held at the
Cafe Royal and attended by thirty Members and guests.

The first volume of the Sixth Series of ' The Ibis,' whicli
was completed in October 1889, contained 608 pages, illus-
trated by 16 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst
the papers in this volume will be found Dr. R. B. Sharpens
account of the Birds of Northern Borneo, and two articles
by Dr. Guillemard and Lord Lilford on tiie Birds of Cyprus.
A remarkable new species of Dendiocolaptine bird from the
Lower Amazons is figured (by Keulemans) and described as
Berlepschia rikeri.

1890.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1890 was
held on May the 21st at the rooms of the Zoological Society,
3 Hanover Square, P. L. Sclater being in the Chair in con-
sequence of the absence of the President. The Report of the
Committee was read and the accounts were passed. Thirteen
new Ordinary Members were elected, likewise two new
Honorary Members (Graf von Berlepsch and Count Tomraaso
Salvador!) and three Foreign Members (jNI. Emile Oustalet,
Dr. Emin Pasha, and Mr. J. A. Allen). The Committee
alluded with much regret to the recent death of Mr. John
Henry Gurney, one of the original Members of the Union
and a constant contributor to ' The Ibis.'

The second volume of the Sixth Series of ^ The Ibis'
(1890) contained 491 pages, illustrated by 14 plates, mostly
executed by Keulemans. To this volume Whitehead made
a valuable contribution on the Birds collected and observed

48 A SlIOKT HISTORY Ol' THE

by liim in the Island of Palawan, and Newton described
and figured the young of Pallas's Sand-Grouse from a
specimen obtained in Britain. Dr. R. B. Sharpe concluded
his series of papers on the Ornithology of Northern Borinio
by the issue of Part 10.

1891.

In 1891 the Annual Meeting of the British Ornitho-
logists' Union Avas held at the rooms of the Zoological
Society of London on May the 9th. In the absence of the
President from ill-health, the Chair was taken hy Mr. Osbert
Salvin. Nineteen new Ordinary Members were ballotted
for and elected, and the accounts for 1890, having been
examined and found correct by Mr. J. E. Harting, and
shewing a balance in favour of the Union of ^103, were
passed. The Annual Dinner, subsequently held at the Cafe
Eoyal, was attended by twenty-six Members and guests.

The third volume of the Sixth Series of ' The Ibis/ issued
in 1891, contained 664 pages, illustrated by 13 plates,
mostly drawn by Keulemans. Among the articles pub-
lished in this volume are Mr. Lydehker's memoir on Possil
Birds, and an essay by Mr. W. Evans on the period of
time occupied ])y Birds in the incubation of their Eggs.
Mr. E. W. Styan also contributed a valuable paper on the
Birds of the Lower Yangtse Basin.

1892.

The Annual General Meeting of the British Ornithologists^
Union in 1892 was held at the rooms of the Zoological Society
of London on iNIay 18th. In the absence of the President
from ill-health, the Chair Avas taken by P. L. Sclater. The
accounts for the year 1891. examined and found correct by
Mr. Salvin, were passed, and 18 new Members were elected.

The Annual Dinner, held at the Cafe Royal, was attended
by 28 Members and guests. After the dinner a proposition
was made that an Ornithological Club should be established
for the purpose of holding monthly meetings at Avhich

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 49

papers should be read and specimens exhibited. A Com-
mittee, consisting of tlie Earl of Gainsborough, Mr. Seebohm,
Mr. Howard Saunders, Mr. Bidwell, and Dr. Bowdler Sharpe,
was appointed to consider the advisability of carrying out
the proposed scheme.

I do not recollect that this Committee ever formally met,
but the plan of forming an Ornithological Club, which was
entirely due to Dr. Bowdler Sharpe, was fully discussed
among us in the summer of 1892. At first, I confess, I was
not much inclined to favour it, but, after talking it over
with Howard Saunders, gave it my full adhesion and
attended the inaugural meeting which was held at the Mona
Hotel, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, on October 5th,
1892. Here I was placed in the Chair, Howard Saunders was
elected Secretary and Treasurer, and Dr. Bowdler Sharpe
Editor of the ' Bulletin," in which the proceedings of
the Club were to be chronicled. The Rules of the Club
then adopted are given at the end of this " Short
History."

I need hardly add that this movement, which has brought
together all the more active workers in our favourite science,
has met with most remarkable success. The meetings of
the B.O.C. are invariably well attended, and communi-
cations on Birds and Bird-life are numerous and embrace
every branch of the subject. The 'Bulletin' for every
Session since 1892-93 has been issued with perfect regu-
larity, and has now reached its twenty-first volume. As
will be seen by the List in that volume, more than
200 Members of the Union novr belong to the Club.
During the 16th Session (1907-8) the total number of
attendances at the B. O. C. Avas 374, or, on an average, about
44 per meeting.

Until 1901 the 'Bulletin' of the B.O.C. was reprinted
in ' The Ibis.' After that date (that is, From the commence-
ment of the Eighth Series) this practice was discontinued,
l)eing thought to be no longer necessary.

In 1904 Dr. Sharpe handed over the Editorship of the
' Bulletin ' to Mr. W. K. Ogilvie-Grant, and Mr. H. F.

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL. E

50 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE

Witlierby was appointed Secretary and Treasurer in Mr.
Graut^s place.

The volurae of 'The Ibis' for 1892 (being the fourth
volume of the Sixth Series) contains 014 pages, illustrated
by 1-1 coloured plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. The
volume commences with a list of the Birds of Heligoland,
a most useful resume for reference, prepared by Seebohm
from Gtitke's then lately published volume, ' Die Vogel-
warte Helgolands.'' Other important papers in this volume
are those by Mr. Graham Kerr on the Birds of the LoM-er
Pilcomayo and by Mr. J. LaTouche on the Birds of Foochow
and Swatow, China.

1893.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. in 1893 was
held at the Zoological Society's Office, 3 Hanover Square,
on May the 3rd, P. L. Sclater in the Chair (in the absence
of the President). The lleport of the Committee Avas read,
and the accounts for 1892, which had been examined and
found correct by Mr. Howard Saunders, were approved.
The balance carried forAvard to January 1st, 1903, was £105.
Eighteen new Ordinary Members of the Union were ballotted
for and elected. Dr. Anton Reichenow, of Berlin, was
ballotted for and elected an Honorary Member. After the
Meeting the usual Dinner was held at Dimmer's Hotel and
was attended by thirty-two Members and guests.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1893, being the fifth volume
of the Sixth Series (edited by P. D. Sclater), contains 626
pages, illustrated by 15 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans.
Among the more important papers in this volume are Lieut.
Barnes's account of the Birds of Aden, Dr. Plartert's essay
on the Birds of the Curacao Group in the West Indies,
and Mr. H. O. Forbes's List of the Birds of the Chatham
Islands.

The 'Bulletins' of the British Ornithologists' Club
(Nos. I.-X.) are reprinted in this volume.

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 51

1894.

The Animal General Meeting of the B, O. U. in 1894 was
lield at the Zoological Society's Office, 3 Haaover Square, on
May 9th. In the absence of the President, the Chair was
occupied by P. L. Sclater. The accounts of 1893, having
been examined and found correct by Mr. Harting, were
passed. After payment of all expenses a balance of ^£50
was carried forward for 1894. Seventeen new Ordinary
Members were elected. Dr. H. Giglioli, of Florence, was
elected an Honorary Member, and Dr. Menzbier, of Moscow,
Dr. Th. Pleske, of St. Petersburg, and Herr Schalow^, of
Berlin, were elected Foreign Members of the Union.

It was agreed that a new (Seventh) series of ' The Ibis '
should be commenced in 1895, and Mr. P. L, Sclater
and Mr. Howard Saunders were appointed Joint Editors
of it.

The question of a General Index for the Fourth, Fifth,
and Sixth Series of ' The Ibis ' was discussed and referred
to the Committee.

The Annual Dinner, held at Limmer's Hotel, was attended
by twenty-seven Members and guests.

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1894 (edited by P. L.
Sclater), being the sixth and last volume of the Sixth Series
and the thirty-sixth of the whole work, contained 609 pages,
illustrated by 15 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. In it
will be found Mr. Aplin's account of the Birds of Uruguay
and several of Capt. Shelley's articles on the Birds of Nyasa-
land. To one of the latter is attached a beautiful figure by
Keulemans of A(/aporitis liliume.

A General Subject-Index to the Sixth Series of 'The
Ibis ' is attached to this volume.

The roll of Members of the British Ornithologists' Union
given in this volume contains the names of 255 Ordinary
Members, 1 Extra-Ordinary Member, 10 Honorary Members,
and 20 Foreign Members.

52 A SHORT HISTORY Ol' THK

VIII.— The Seventh Series of ^The Iris' (1895-1900).

"Non moriar, sed vivain, et narrabo opera Domini."

{Editors: Philip Lutley Sclater and Howard Saunders.)

1895.

The Aimual General Meeting of the B.O.U. in 1895 was
held at 3 Hanover Square, London, on May the 8th, the
Chair being occupied, in the absence of the President, by
P. L. Sclater. The Committee gave a goad report of the
state of the finances for 189'1, shewing a balance of .£''84 in
favour of the Union after payment of all expenses. The
question of the preparation of an Index for the last three Series
of ' The Ibis,' and also of a Subject-Index for the Avhole of the
published Series, Avas stated to be still under the consideration
of the Committee. The Report of the Committee was adopted
and the accounts of 1894, having been examined by Mr. J.E.
Harting and found correct, were passed. It was then agreed
that the Committee be authorized to proceed with the
proposed Indices at once. Nineteen candidates for the
Ordinar}^ Membership Avere ballotted for and declared to
be duly elected, amongst whom was H.R.H. Ferdinand,
Prince of Bulgaria. The usual Dinner, after the Meeting,
Avas held at Limnier's Hotel and was attended by tAVenty-nine
Members and guests.

HaA'ing secured such an excellent partner as Howard
Saunders, I commenced the Editorship of the Seventh Series
of ' The Ibis ' Avith a light heart, and selected as its motto
Avhat I consider a very appropriate quotation from the
Vulgate : '^ Non moriar, sed vivam, et narrabo opera
Domini."

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1895, being the first of the
Seventh Series, contained 529 pages, illustrated by 14
plates, draAvn mostly by Keulemans. Two valuable papers
by Mr. Pycraft on the Pterylography of the Tinamous and
the Hoatzin Avill be found in this volume, as also an excellent
figure of both sexes of the peculiar Bullfinch {PyrrJmla
leucogenis) discovered in the Philippines by Whitehead.

BRITISH ornithologists' uxiox. 53

1896.

In the year 1896, tlie Annual Genei'al INFeeting of the
B. O. U . was hekl on the 22nd of April, at 3 Hanover Square,
where, in the absence of the President, the Chair was taken
by P. L. Sclater. The Report of the Committee, which
announced the continued prosperity of the Union, and
the statement of accounts for 1895, which had been
examined and found correct by Mr. Harting-, Avere received
and adopted. Twenty-nine new Ordinary Members were
ballotted for and elected, and Herluf Winge, of Copenhagen,
was elected a Foreign Member. It Avas agreed that if the
Committee should so determine, a second General JNIeeting
of the B. O. U. might be held some time in October or
November in any year. The Dinner after the Meeting, held
at Limmer's Hotel, was attended by twenty-eight jNIembers
and guests.

The volume of "^The Ibis' for 1896 (edited by Sclater and
Saunders), being the second volume of the Seventh Series,
contained 623 pages, illusti'ated by 12 plates, chiefly drawn
by Keulemans. An important paper by Colonel Yerbury
gave further notes on the Birds of Aden, and a
remarkable new Blackbird, discovered by Mr. E. Lort
Phillips in Somaliland, was figured as Merula ludovicke.

1897.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. in 1897
took place at the Zoological Society's Office, 3 Hanover
Sqnare, on the 5th of May, P. L. Sclater in the Chair.
The Report of the Committee announced the continued
prosperity of the Union, which on that day had 283 Members.
The General Index of the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Series of
^The Ibis^ (1877-1894), edited by Osbert Salvin and
prepared under his superintendence, had been completed and
would shortly be ready for distribution. The Report was
adopted and the accounts, Avhich had been examined by
Mr. Harting and found correct, Avere passed. Twenty-four
ncAV Ordinary Members were ballotted for and elected.

54 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE

The office of President, being vacant by the mnch-lameuted
death of the late Lord Lilford, an original member of
the Union, who had held it for nineteen years, was filled
by the election of Mr. Frederick DuCane Godmau, and
Mr. Osbert Salvin was elected Secretary in place of INlr.
Godmau, who retired from that office.

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1897 (being the third
volume of the Seventh Series) contained 659 pages, illustrated
by 12 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst the
plates will be found figures of the male of a wonderful new
Nuthatch {Sit fa magna) discovered by Col. Wardlaw-Ramsay
in the Southern Shan States, and of a splendid new
Paradise-Bird [Macgregoria pulchra) from British New
Guinea.

1898.

In 1898 the Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. was
held at the Zoological Society^s Office, 3 Hanover Square,
on May the 11th, Dr. F. D, Godman, President, in the
Chair. Thirty-two Members were present. The Committee
reported that the General Index of ' The Ibis ' for the years
1877-1894 (that is, for the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Series),
forming a volume of 471 pages^ had been issued. The
accounts for the year 1897 were examined and passed.
Twenty-seven new Ordinary Members were ballotted for and
elected, and Dr. E. A. Goeldi,of Para, was elected an Honorary
Member.

The volume of 'The Ibis ' for 1898, edited by Sclater and
Saunders (being the fourth volume of the Seventh Series),
contained 656 pages, illustrated by 13 plates, mostly drawn
by Keulemans. Amongst the papers will be found Mr. Boyd
Alexander's account of his Ornithological Expedition to the
Cape Verde Islands, and Mr. H. L. Popham's notes on the
Birds observed during his second expedition to the Yenesei
Eiver in Siberia.

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION. OO

1899.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. in 1899
was held at 3 Hanover Square^ on May the Srd^ F. D.
Godman, President, in the Oiair. The Committee reported
that they had found that the state of the finances would
justify them in proceeding with the Subject-Index of
^The Ibis' from 1859 to 1894, the manuscript of which
had been completed for some time, and that they had there-
fore commenced to print it and hoped that it would be ready
for issue before the end of the year.

The accounts of the Union for 1898, which had been
audited by Mr. H. E. Dresser, were examined and passed,
and twenty-five new Ordinary Members were ballotted for
and elected.

The usual Dinner after the Meeting was held at Limmer's
Hotel, and was attended by twenty-three Members and
guests.

The volume of 'The Ibis ' for 1899, being the fifth volume
of the Seventh Series (edited by Sclater and Saunders),
contained 691 pages, illustrated by 13 plates, mostly the
work of Keulemans. Amongst the more important papers
were four articles containing the Field-Notes of the late
John Whitehead during his last journey in the Philippine
Islands, illustrated by a map to shew his itinerar}'.
Whitehead died in Hainan on June 3nd, 1899.

1900.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1900 was
held at 3 Hanover Square on May the 16th, F. D. Godman,
President, in the Chair. The Committee announced that
the Subject-Index for the first six Series of ' The Ibis,'
1859-1891, edited by Mr. Gates, had been completed and
distributed to the subscribers in the preceding January.
The accounts of the Union for 1899 had been audited by
Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant and were passed as correct.
Dr. 11. Bowdler Sharpe and Mr. E. Hartert were selected to
represent the B. O. U. at the International Ornithological

56 A SHORT HISTORY OF THK

Congress proposed to be held at Paris on June the 26th.
Twenty-six new Ordinary Members of the Uuiou were
ballotted for and elected. The name of Professor R. Collett
Avas transferred from the List of Foreign Members to that
of Honorary Members^ and the following three gentlemen
were eleeted Foreign Meml^ers of the Union : — Dr. V. Bianchi,
Dr. Othmar Reiser, and Mr. Leonhard Stejneger.

The year 1900 being the last of the six years of the
Seventh Series^ the subject of the future editorship of ' The
Ibis' Avas discussed, and it Avas agreed that Messrs, P. L.
Sclater and A. H. Evans should be requested to undertake
the Editorship of the Eighth Series, to commence in 1901.

At the close of the Seventh Series the roll of the B. O. U.
contained the names of 344 Ordinary Members, 2 Extra-
Ordinary Members, 10 Honorary Members, and 18 Foreign
Members — 374 Members in all.

The volume of ^The Ibis' for 1900, being the sixth and
last volume of the Seventh Series, contained 728 pages,
illustrated by 14 plates, drawn by Keulemans, Gronvold,
Lodge, and Srait. Amongst the papers Avcre an article by
Mr. R. Hall on the Birds of Kerguelen Island, and a series
of Notes on the Birds of Mashoua-land prepared by Mr. Guy
A. K. Marshall. A good figure Avas given of both sexes of
the rare Merganser squamatus from China, of Avhich the
female only was previously known.

IX.— The Eighth Series of ' The Ibis' (1901-1906).

" Quam maguificata sunt opera tua, Domiue."

{Editors : Philip Lutley Sclater and
Arthur Humble Evans.)

1901.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1901 Avas
held at 3 Hanover Square on the IStli of May, F. DuCane
Godman, President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the
last General Meeting having been read and confirmed, the

BRITISH OllNITHOLOGISTS^ UNION. 57

accounts for the year 1900, which had been audited by
^Ir. Howard Saunders, Avere passed. The Committee
reported that the state of the finances Avas satisfactory,
and that the remaining debt upon the Subject-Index had
been finally disposed of. Thirteen candidates were ballotted
for and elected Ordinary Members. Mr. Howard Saunders
was elected Secretary in place of Mr. E. W. Gates, who
retired from that post. The usual Dinner, held at Limmer's
Hotel, was attended by twenty -nine Members and guests.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1901 contained 782 pages,
illustrated by 15 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans,
Lodge, and Smit. Among the more important papers are
Mr, H. F. Witherby's account of his ornithological expe-
dition to the White Nile, Mr. W. Goodfellow's journey
through Colombia and Ecuador, and Colonel Rippon's
memoir on the Birds of the Southern Shan States, in which
431 species are enumerated.

1902.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. 0. U. in 1902 was
held at 3 Hanover Square on the 14th of May, the Chair
being taken by P. L. Sclater, in the absence of the President.
The accounts for the year 1901, audited by Mr. H. E.
Dresser, were passed, and a vote of thanks was accorded to
the Auditor. The Committee reported a favourable state
of the finances of the Union for the year 1901, a sum of £76
having been carried over for the benefit of 1902. Twenty-
eight new Ordinary Members were elected. It was agreed
that a new class of members, to be called " Colonial Mem-
bers," should be instituted ; such Members to be eminent
ornithologists residing in the British Colonies and India, and
not to exceed ten in number. The name of Professor S. F.
Radde was transferred from the list of Foreign Members to
that of Honorary Members, and Mr. F. M. Chapman, U.S.A.,
Dr. P. Sushkin, of Moscow, and Dr. H. von Ihering, of Sao
Paulo, Brazil, were elected Foreign Members of the Union.
The usual Dinner after the Meeting was held at Limmer's
Hotel, and attended by twenty-one Members and guests.

58 A SHOKT HISTORY OF THE

The volume of ' The Ibis ^ for 1902, being the forty-
tbiarth of the vvliole issue, contained 707 pages, illustrated by
]6 plates, mostl}^ the work of Keulemans, Gronvold, and
Goodchild. Amongst the papers I may call special attention
to Mr. W. Eagle Clarke's interesting account of his month's
residence in the Eddystone Lighthouse, and his study o£
the phenomena of migration as there observed, also to Mr.
Boyd Alexander's memoir on the Birds of the Gold Coast
Colony.

1903.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. 0. U. in 1903
took place at 3 Hanover Square on the 13th of May,
F. DuCaue Godman, President, in the Chair. The accounts
for the year 1902, which had been audited by Mr. F. Gillett,
were examined and passed, and a vote of thanks accorded to
the Auditor. The Report of the Committee was read and
adopted, and twenty new Ordinary Members were ballotted
for and elected. The name of Mr. Robert Ridgway was
transferred from the List of Foreign to that of Honorary
Members. Captain F. W. Huttou, of New Zealand, Colonel
W. Vincent Legge, of Tasmania, and Mr. Alfred J. North, of
Sydney, N.S.W., were elected Colonial Members of theUnion,
and Dr. G. Martorelli, of Milan, Avas elected a Foreign
Member. After the Meeting the usual Dinner was held at
Limmer's Hotel, and attended by seventeen Members and
guests.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1903, being the third
volume of the Eighth Series, contained 668 pages, illustrated
bv 13 plates, drawn by Keulemans, Gronvold, Goodchild,
and other artists. Among the more important articles was
that by Mr. Boyd Alexander on the Birds of Fernando Po,
in which 101 species were enumerated. Other interesting
papers were those by Capt. H. A. Walton on the Birds of
Pekin and by Mr, J. L. Bonhote on the Birds of the
Bahamas.

BRITISH OKXITHOLOGISTS' UMOX. 59^

1904.

Ill 1904 the Aimual General Meetiug of the B. O. U. was
held at 3 Hanover Square, on the 11th of May, F. DuCane
Godman, President, in the Chair. The accounts for the year
1903, which had been audited by Mr. Dresser and shewed
a balance of £36 carried over to 1904, were examined
and passed. The Report of the Committee Avas read and
adopted. It pointed out with satisfaction that no outstandiug
accounts had been left unpaid at the end of the past year.
Thirty-one gentlemen were then ballotted for and elected
Ordinary Members of the Union, and Mr. A. J. Campbell^
of Melbourne, was elected a Colonial Member, while
Dr. W. Blasius, of Brunswick, was elected a Foreign
]M ember. The Annual Dinner subsequently held at
the Trocadero Restaurant was attended by twenty-four
Members and one guest.

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1904, being the fourth
volume of the Eighth Series and the forty-sixth of the
Avhole work, contained 701 pages, illustrated by 12 plates,
mostly the work of Keulemans, Goodchikl, and Grilnvold.
Amongst other papers of interest in this volume will be
found an account of Mr. W. Eagle Clarke's Results of
Observations on Migration made on l^oard the Kentish
Knock Lightship in the Autumn of 1903, and Dr. Hartert's
account of the Birds collected by Mr. Robert Hall, of Mel-
bourne, on the Lena River in North-eastern Siberia.

1905.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. 0. U. in 1905 was
held on the 24th of May at 3 Hanover Square. In the
absence of the President^ who was abroad, the Chair was
taken by P. L. Sclater. The Report of the Committee
announced the continued prosperity of the Union during the
past year. The Balance Sheet to December the 31st, which
liad been examined and found correct by Mr. H> F. ^Vitherby,
shewed that after payment of all liabilities a balance of £98

60 A SIIOHT HISTOHY OF THE

had been carried over to 1905. Twenty-four candidates for
the Ordinary Membership were ballotted for and elected,
and Mr. J. Macoun, of Ottawa, Canada, and Mr. A. D.
Millar, of Durban, were elected Colonial Members.
Mr. Harry C. Oberholser, of Washington, U.S.A., was elected
a Foreign Member of the Union. The usual Dinner after
the Meeting was held at the Frascati Restaurant in con-
junction with the B. O. Club.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1905, being the fifth volume
of the Eighth Series, contained 677 pages, illustrated by
13 plates drawn by Keulemans, GrlJnvold, Goodchild, and
other artists. Among the more important papers will be
found Mr. W. P. Pycraft^s article on the systematic position
of Zeledonia coronata, and Mr. W. Eagle Clarke's account of
the Birds of Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean.
Mr. A. L. Butler made his first contribution to the Orni-
thology of the Sudan to this volume, and enumerated 330
species which he had there met Avith. Another important
paper is that of Mr. W. H. Ogilvie-Grant on the display of
the Lesser Bird-of-Paradise, which is well illustrated by
Mr. Lodge's drawings.

1906.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1906
was held at 3 Hanover Square on the 30th of May, the
(Jhair being occupied, in the absence of the President,
by P. L. Sclater. The accounts for 1905, which had been
audited by Mr. F. Gillett, were passed. They shewed that
after payment of all liabilities a balance of £104 had been
carried forward to 1906. The Report of the Committee
was read and adopted. Twenty-five candidates for the
Ordinary Membership were ballotted for and elected. Dr. J.
Biittikofer, of Rotterdam, and Mr. S. A. Buturlin, of Wesen-
berg, were ballotted for and elected Foreign ^Members of the
Union. The Eighth Series of ' The Ibis ' being about to be
completed, it was agreed to commence a Ninth Series in
1907, and to request Messrs. Sclater and Evans to continue
as Editors of the new series, to Avliich they both consented.

BRITISH ornithologists' UXIOX. 61

On the motion of Mr. E, Bidwell, seconded by Mr. H. J.
Elwes, it Avas iinauimously resolved that the Committee be
requested to consider the advisability of commemorating the
Jubilee of the B. O. U. in 1908, and to report their opinion
to the next Annual Meeting.

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1906^ being the sixth and
last volume of the Eighth Series, contained 769 pages, illus-
trated by 21 plates, drawn by Keulemans, Gronvold, and
other artists. Among the more important papers are those
by Captain H. J. Walton on the Birds of Southern Tibet,
and by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke on the Birds of the South
Orkney Islands, based on the collection made by the Scottish
National Antarctic Expedition. Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant
described in this volume the remarkable collection made by
Mr. Walter Goodfellow on the volcano of Apo in South-
eastern Mindanao, Philippine Islands, and Mr. F. J, Jackson
contributed an account of the Birds collected by Mr.
Geoffrey Archer on the Ruwenzori Range.

At the close of the year 1906 there were 417 Ordinary
Members, 2 Extra-Ordinary Members, 9 Honorary Members,
5 Colonial Members, and 20 Foreign Members of the
B. O. U.

X.— The Ninth Series of 'The Ibis ' (1907-1908).

'•'Delectasti me, Doniine, in oporibus maiiuum tuarinn."

(Editors : Philip Lutley Sclater and
Arthur Humble Evans.)

1907.

In 1907 the Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. was
held at 3 Hanover Square on the 29th of May, F. DuCane
Godman, President, in the ( 'hair.

The Minutes of the last General Meeting having been read
and confirmed, the Statement of the Accounts for 1906,
which had been audited by Mr. Munt, was passed. After
payment of all liabilities for 1906 the balance carried

62 A SHOUT lUSTORY OF THE

forward to 1907 Mas £91. Twenty-two candidates for the
Ordinary Membership were hallotted for and elected, and
the name of Dr. J. A. Allen was transferred from the
List of Foreign Members to that of Honorary Members,
while Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton, of Gnngunyama, Melsetter,
South E/hodesia, was elected a Colonial Member of the
•Union. The Committee appointed at the last Annual
General Meeting to prepare a scheme to commemorate the
Jubilee of the B. O. U. in 1908 recommended that the pro-
posed Jubilee Meeting should be held at (Cambridge in tlie
beginning of November, 1908. This was approved of, and
it was agreed

That it be an instruction to the (/oramittee to prepare
a short account of the foundation ol: the Union and of
the work of its early jM embers; and that this account
be illustrated by photographs of the Members included
in it, and be published in the fiftieth volume of ' The
Ibis.'

The volume of ' The Ibis'' for 1907, being the first volume
of the Ninth Series and the forty-nintii of the whole work,
contained 685 pages, illustrated by 13 plates and maps.
Among the more important papers in this volume are
Mr. Swynnerton^s article on the Birds of Southern Rhodesia,
and that of IMessrs. Ogilvie-Grant and J. D. La Touche on
the Birds of the Island of Formosa, which is illustrated by
a beautiful plate of a new Gold-crest {Ker/ulns goodfelloivi) .
In this volume also is published the third article, by Mr.
W. Eagle Clarke, on the ornithological results of the Scottish
National Antarctic Expedition. It relates specially to the
Birds of the Weddell Sea, and finishes the series on this
subject.

1908.

The Annual General Meeting- of the Union for 1908 Avas
held at 3 Hanover Square on May the 20th, F. DuCane
Godman, President, in the Chair. The Beport of the

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 63

Oommittee announced the continued prosperity of tlie Union,
and stated that after payment of all expenses for 1907 a
sum of .€198 had been carried forward for the benefit of
the present year. In consequence of the lamented death of
Professor Newton, the Committee proposed that the Jubilee
Meeting should take place in London, instead of Cambridge,
about the second week in December. This was agreed to,
and Messrs. Bidwell, Dresser, Meade-Waldo, Walter Roth-
schild, D. Seth-Smith, and Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe were
requested to form a joint Committee along with the ordinary
members of Committee to make the necessary arrangements
for the Jubilee Meeting.

The vacancy in the Secretaryship caused by the lamented
death of Mr. Howard Saunders was filled by the election of
]\lr. J. Lewis Bonhote to that office.

Twenty-five candidates were ballotted for and elected
Ordinary Members of the Union. Mr. J. H. J. Farquhar,
of Southern Nigeria, and Mr. Robert Hall, of Tasmania, were
elected Colonial Members, and Mr. C. W. Richmond, of
Washington, D.C., was elected a Foreign Member of the
Union. It was resolved that the President and Secretary,
on behalf of the Union, should sign a Petition to the House
of Lords in favour of the " Bill to prohibit the importation
of the Plumage and Skins of Wild Birds."

The usual Dinner after the Meeting took place at Pagani's
Restaurant, and was attended by 52 Members and guests.

The volume of ' The Ibis' for 1908, being the second of
the Ninth Series and the fiftieth of the whole work, con-
tained 660 pages. It was concluded in October 1908, by the
issue of the two-hundredth number. The volume is illus-
trated by 13 plates and maps (drawn by Keulemans,
Gronvold, and other artists), amongst which is a figure, the
-work of Major Jones, of both sexes of the newly discovered
Mikado Pheasant of Formosa [Calophasis mikado). In it
will also be found an important paper by Mr. C. F. M.
Swynnerton, containing further notes on the Birds of Gaza-
land, and Mr. H. E. Dresser's account of the Russian Arctic
Expedition of 1900-1903.

64 A SHORT HISTORY Ol TIIK R. O. U.

As will be seen by tbe Register of Members in the fiftieth
volume, the total number of Members of the Union at the
close of 1908 was 473. Of these, 434 are Ordinary JNIembers,
2 are Extra-Ordinary Members, 10 are Honorary Members,
8 are (Jolonial Members, and 19 are Foreign Members.

ArrENDix. 65

APPENDIX.

I. — Ruk's of the British Ornithologists'' Union.

Agreed to at the Oeneral Meefiiif/ held loth May, 1871,
tcitlt amendments up to i/^th May, 1902, inclusive.

1. This Society shall be called '*The British Ornithologists'
Union," and shall have for its object the advancement o£ the
Science of Ornithology.

2. The British Ornithologists' Union shall consist of
Ordinary Members, Honorary Members, Extra-Ordinary
Members, Colonial Members, and Foreign Members.

Ordinary Members shall be Ornithologists of any
country, elected in the manner hereinafter mentioned.

Honorary Members shall be eminent Ornithologists
residing abroad, and shall not exceed ten in number.

An Honorary Member coming to reside in this country
shall become an Extra-Ordinary Member, unless he
prefers to be placed upon the list of Ordinary Members.

Colonial Members shall be eminent Ornithologists
residing in the British Colonies and India, and shall
not exceed ten in number.

Foreign INIembers shall be eminent Foreign Ornitho-
logists, and shall not exceed twenty in number.

3. Ordinary Members shall be elected by Ballot at the
Annual General Meeting. No person shall be declared
duly elected unless two-thirds of the number of Members
balloting shall vote in his favour. Ordinary Members or.ly
are entitled to vote. Honorary, Colonial, and Foreign

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL. F

66 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE B. O. U.

Members, wlicu there are vacancies in the list, shall be
elected in the same ^ay.

4. No person shall be balloted for whose name shall not
have been proposed on a form provided for the purpose by
the Secretary and signed by the Proposer, on his personal
knowledge, and by two other Members. The list of Candi-
dates, with their Proposers and Seconders, shall be circulated
among the Members along with the summonses for the
General Meeting.

5. Every new Ordinary Member shall j)ay an Entrance
Fee of £2, and an Annual Subscription of £1 on his election,
and every Ordinary Member shall pay an Annual Sub-
scription of .€1 on the 1st of January of each year. Every
new Ordinary Member failing to pay his Entrance Fee and
his first Annual Subscription before the 31st of December
immediately following his election shall have his election
annulled, unless he shall furnish a satisfactory explanation.

6. Any Member whose subscription is three years in
arrears shall, ipso facto, cease to belong to the British
Ornithologists' Union, but shall be eligible for re-election
by Ballot on paying up his arrears. In such case, however,
no fee for re-admission shall be required.

7. The funds derived from entrance fees and annual sub-
scriptions shall be devoted primarily to the publication of
' Tiie Ibis.'

8. Shox;ld the sum thus obtained be insufficient to cover
the liability incurred, the deficit shall be raised by an
additional subscription, to be levied at the ensuing General
Meeting.

9. The Editor of * The Ibis ' shall be elected at the Annual
General Meeting, and his appointment shall continue for
six years, unless otherwise determined. Twelve months'
notice of a change must be given on either side.

10. The business of the British Ornithologists' Union
shall be conducted by a Committee, consisting of a President,
Secretary, Editor or Editors of '■ The Ibis ' ; and three
Members to be elected at the General JNIeeting. One of the
non-official Members shall retire in each vear.

APPENDIX. 67

11. The Auuual General Meeting sliall take place on some
convenient day in tlie month of April or May^ to be fixed by
the Committee ; and the ordinary business transacted at such
Meeting sliall be the passing of the accounts of ' The Ibis '
for the jDreceding year, the regulation of matters having
reference to the conduct of that Journal_, the election of the
Officers and Committee, and the election of new Members.

12. A Special General Meeting can be summoned by any
ten Members of the British Ornithologists^ Union by a
written requisition addressed to the Committee for that pur-
pose, which requisition shall specify the object of such Special
Meeting. At such Special Meeting, however, the special
business to consider which it Avas convened shall alone be
discussed.

13. One copy of 'The Ibis' shall be delivered to every
Honorary and Extra-Ordinary Member gratis, and also to
every Ordinary Member whose subscription is not in arrear,

14. Twenty-five separate copies are furnished to each
contributor of an article to ' The Ibis,' gratis. Contributors
may have further copies on application to the Editor, on
paying the expenses incurred in producing them.

The original paging of the letterpress and numbering of
the plates shall always be retained in the separate copies, as
also the signatures of the sheets ; bat additional paging and
numbering may be likewise added, if required.

Separate copies shall in every case bear on the title-page
the name and date of the publication from which they are
extracted. No alteration shall be made in the letterpress
or plates of the separate copies without the leave of the
Committee of the Union.

15. Any alterations in these rules may be made at the
Annual General Meeting, provided due notice shall have
been given thereof in the circular convening the Meeting.

68 A SHORT HIST(JKY OF THE B. O. U.

II. — Rules of the British Ornitlio/nc/ists' Club.
As amended iSth October, 1907.

I. This Club was fouuded for the purpobe o£ facilitating the
social intercourse of Members of the British Ornithologists^
Union. Any Member of tiiat Union can become a Member
of this Club on payment (to the Treasurer) of an entrance
fee of One Pound and a subscription of Five Shillings for
the current Session. Resignation of the Union involves
resignation of the Club.

II. Members who have not paid their subscriptions before
the last Meeting- of the Session, shall cease, ipso facto, to be
Members of the Club, but may be reinstated on payment of
arrears, and a new entrance fee.

III. Members of the British Ornithologists^ Union may
be introduced as Yisitors at the Meetings of the Club, but
every Member of the Club who introduces a Member of
the B. O. U. as a Visitor (to dinner or to the Meeting
afterwards) shall pay One Shilling to the Treasurer, on each
occasion.

IV. No gentleman shall be allowed to attend the Meetings
of the Club as a guest on more than three occasions during
any single Session.

V. The Club shall meet, as a rule, on the Tliird
Wednesday in every Month, from October to June inclusive,
at such hour and place as may be arranged by the Committee.
At these Meetings papers upon ornithological subjects shall
be read, specimens exhibited, and discussion invited.

VI. An Abstract of the Proceedings of the B. O. C. shall
be printed as soon as possible after each Meeting, under the
title of the ' Bulletin of the British Ornithologists^ Club,''
and distributed gratis to every Member ivho has paid his
subscription. Copies of this Bulletin shall be published and
sold at One Shilling each.

APPENDIX. 69

VII. The affairs of this Club sliall be managed bv a
Committee^ to consist of the Editors o£ ^The Ibis/ the Editor
of the 'Bulletin,^ and the Secretary and Treasurer^ ex officio ;
with three other Members, one of whom sliall be changed
every year. The Committee shall have power to make and
alter Bye-laws.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Dr. p. L. SCLATER.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 71

3. Biographical Notices of the Original Members of the
British Ornithologists^ Union, of the i^rincipal Contributors
to the First Series of ' The Ibis,' and of the Officials.

These Biograj)hies fall naturally into two groups — firstly,
Obituary Notices taken from the pages o£ ' The Ibis/
and, secondly, sketches of the lives of those Members who
are still in our midst. The former have been submitted, in
almost every case, to the surviving relatives or to intimate
friends for correction or amplification ; but of most of
them it is not now possible to determine the original
author. The latter have either been written by the
Member himself or have been compiled from notes
furnished by him.

It should be noted that, to avoid a separate heading.
Dr. R. BowDLER Sharpe, the President of the Fourth
International Ornithological Congress, and a never-failing
Contributor to our Journal, is placed with those who
wrote in the First Series of ' The Ibis,^ though the
earliest paper from his pen was received later than
1864.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. ROBERT BIRKRKCK.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 73

Mr. KOBERT BIRKBECK.

Robert Birkbeck was born at Keswick, Norfolk, on Octo-
ber 10th, 1836, and, on December 8th, 1857, married Mary-
Harriet, eldest daughter of Sir John William Lubbock, Bart.
In early life he took a considerable interest in Ornithology,
and was one of the first to join the ranks of the British
Ornithologists' Union, when that body was projected in 1858.
Since that date his name has always stood at the head of our
list of Founders, and now, in our year of Jubilee, we sincerely
congratulate him on being one of the five original Members
still in the land of the living, though he resigned in 1868.
His interest in Birds has, meanwhile, continued unabated,
and he has had every opportunity on his Inverness-shire estate
at Kinloch Hourn of studying their habits and protecting
the rarer species, in a manner worthy of the brother-in-
law of Lord Avebury and the uncle by marriage of Mr. J.
H. Gurney.

Residing for a considerable portion of the year at 20
Berkeley Square, he is naturally a Fellow of the Zoological
Society of London, Avhich he joined in 1856. He is also
a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, Deputy-Lieutenant
and Justice of the Peace for Inverness-shire.

He is deeply interested in horticulture, and the favoured
climate of the west coast of Scotland, much resembling that
of Cornwall, allows many tender exotics to flourish in his
gardens, which contain examples of over six hundred species
of trees and shrubs.

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Colonel H. M. DRUMMOND-HAY.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 75

Colonel H. M. DRUMMOND-HAY.

Henry Maurice Drummond, youngest son of Vice-Admiral
Sir Adam Drummond, K.C.H.^ of Meggincli Castle in the
county of Pertli, and Lady Charlotte_, daughter of the 4th
Duke of Athole, was born on June 7th, 1814, at Bath. From
his childhood he was an enthusiastic field-naturalist, and
when on leaving school he was sent abroad to study foreign
languages, in several of which he was consequently pi-oficient,
he spent much time in the workshop of M. Linder, at that
time the best authority on the ornithology of Switzerland and
the Alps. Here he practised taxidermy, which to the day of
his death Avas the favourite resource of his leisure hours, and
few could so successfully mount a bird in a natural and life-
like attitude, for few were so familiar with the actions of the
bird in life. In June 1833 Henry Drummond received his
commission in the 42nd Royal Highlanders (the Black
Watch) , in which regiment he served for twenty years in
Ireland, at Malta, Corfu, Bermuda, and Halifax, Nova
Scotia. During all this time he was unwearied in studying
the ornithology, ichthyology, and botany of his different
stations and of their neighbouring countries, and lost no
opportunity of making excursions into districts which were
at that time untouched by the naturalist. He became a
regular correspondent of Sir W. Jardine, of Yarrell, and
of Strickland, who visited him in Corfu. He contributed
several papers, recording his observations, to the periodicals
of the day. Among these are: — "Notes of a Sojourn of
Four Years in Corfu. The Birds of Corfu and the Ionian
Islands,'^ Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1843, vol. xii. ; '^Two Months
in the Island of Crete," ibid., being the first notice of
Cretan ornithology since Belon ; '^ A short Excursion in
Macedonia," Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, vol. xviii., a paper
read at the British Association's meeting at Cork. In these

76 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

articles are many interesting observations on migration and
on the notes of birds, in detecting and imitating which he
was remarkably proficient. In 1835 he was the discoverer
of HyjJolais olivetorum, which he pointed out to Strickland,
who described it in 1837. He was also the first to detect
the presence of Hypolais elaica in Europe, and he described
the White-necked Jackdaw as Corvus coUaris, Ann. & Mag.
N. H. 1846, vol. xviii. p. 11. He contributed articles to
' The Ibis ' in 1865, 1888, and 1889.

During the years he was quartered at Malta and Corfu he
formed an almost complete collection of the birds of the
Mediterranean countries. These, all mounted and arranged
by his own hands, he placed in Megginch Castle. Avhere they
remain as heirlooms.

On the removal of his regiment to Bermuda, where it was
stationed for tliree years, Drummoud devoted himself chiefly
to ichthyology, and, being a clever artist, made a splendid
collection of coloured drawings of the Bermuda fishes.
These drawings and notes he lent for exhibition to the
Smithsonian Institution. They fill two large MS. volumes,
but have not yet been published.

He also made many additions to the avifauna of the
islands during his stay in that quarter. He was the captain
of the Grenadier company, and infused his spirit into all the
men of his battalion, who were as enthusiastic as their
popular captain in fishing and in collecting for him the
treasures of the deep.

Drummond retired from the 4<2nd Royal Highlanders in
1852. He used to be fond of relating how he believed
himself to be the last man who had ever seen the Great Auk
alive. In returning to Europe in Dec. 1852, on the edge of
the Newfoundland banks he Avatched for some time a Great
Auk which was within 30 or 40 yards of the steamer ; and
as he had his field-glasses, and could distinctly note the bill
and white ear-patches, he felt that he could not be mistaken.
He heard also from a friend in Newfoundland that in the
following year a dead Great Auk had been washed ashore in
Trinity Bay. This is the last trace of the giant of the

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 7/

Alcidse. Shortly after his return Drummond joined the
Royal Perthshire Kifles Militia as their Lieut, -Colonel
Commandant^ and commanded the regiment when embodied
during the Crimean War, and till 1873, when he retired from
the Service, holding the rank of full Colonel in the Array.

He was the first President of the British Ornithologists'
Union, and one of the original twenty who in the year 1858
founded it and started 'The Ibis/ of whom, after an interval
of 50 years, five still remain among us.

On his marriage with the heiress of Seggieden in 1859 he
took her name of Hay, and from that date till the time of
his death he Avas known as Colonel Drummond-Hay, of
Seggieden. For the last twenty years of his life he devoted
himself to the natural historj^of Perthshire and Tayside,and
especially to the formation of the Perth Museum, sparing
no pains to enrich it with specimens of every bird found in
the district, together with its nest and eggs, but always
refusing to admit any specimen which was not undoubtedly
local. He had the satisfaction of seeing his darling wish
accomplished, and could boast that, as a local museum, that
of Perth had few rivals. His last public appearance was at
the opening of the new and enlarged museiii/i buildings by
Sir W. H. Flower in November 1895, and his end came
peacefully on the 3rd of January, 1896, in his 82nd year.

In these days of specialists Colonel Drummond-Hay was
a noble specimen of the true field-naturalist, as well as of
the soldier and country gentleman, a keen observer of nature
in every department. He was a good botanist, devoting
himself especially to lichens. Few could rival his garden in
its show of rare herbaceous plants. And he found time to
take an active part in the public life of his country, and not
least in ecclesiastical affairs, being for many years an active
member of the Representative Church Council of the Scottish
Episcopal Church. Long may our laud produce sons like
our first President, worthy successors of the Vigorses,
Jardines, and Selbys of an earlier generation !

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. T. C. EYTON.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS, 79

Mr. T. C. EYTON.

Tlioraas Campbell Eyton, of Eyton and Walford Manor,
Shropshire, was the eldest son of the late Mr. Thomas
Eyton, of Eyton, by his marriage with Elizabeth, eldest
daughter of Major-General Donald Campbell, and was
born in the year 1809. He was educated at St. John's
College, Cambridge, was a magistrate and Deputy-lieutenant
for the county of Salop, and formerly held a commission in
the South Salop Yeomanry Cavalry. He was a member of
the Linnean, Geological, and Zoological Societies. His
museum at Eyton Hall contained a large collection of birds
and bird-skeletons, of which, we believe, the types and
more important specimens are now in the British Museum.
Mr. Eyton's name is well known to ornithologists as the
author of a ' History of the rarer British Birds ' (1836),
and in the same year ' A Catalogue of British Birds ' ; a
' Monograph of the Duck Tribe' (1838) ; 'Osteologia Avium'
(1861) ; and other works and papers, including two in ' The
Ibis' for 1859 and 1861. He died at his residence, Eyton
Hall, near Wellington, Shropshire, at the end of October
1880.

Ibis.Jab.Suppl..l908.

Dr. F. D. GODMAN.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 81

Dr. F. D. GODMAN.

Frederick DuCaue Godmaii, third sou of Jostjph Godraan,
of Park Hatch, Surrey, was born on January 15th, 1834,
and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridi^e. He
married in 1872 Edith Mary, second daughter of J. H.
Elwes, of Coles1)orne, Gloucestershire, and secondly Alice
Mary, only daughter of INIajor Chaplin, 60tli Rifles. He
left school early in consequence of an attack of low fever,
the effects of which were not completely shaken off till some
years later. Before going to the University, however,
accompanied by his tutor, ho went for a tour to the south of
Spain, Greece, and Constantinople, where on the afternoon
of their arrival, for no other reason than that he heard of a
homeward-bound vessel, the tutor suddenly announced his
intention of returning to England at once, a proceeding
which he carried out, leaving his pupil, who declined to
accompany him, Avithout letters of introduction, and with
only a single sovereign in his pocket. Being thus stranded,
Godman sought the assistance of Misseri, the hotel-keeper,
M'ho accompanied him to the Bank and initiated him in the
art of " drawing a bill,^' in order to provide funds for his
maintenance^ for at that time it would have been a matter
of six weeks before a reply to his letters home could be
received and money sent out. While at Constantinople he
fortunately made the acquaintance of the Consul at Trebizond,
who was staying at the hotel, and accompanied him in a
steamer on an expedition to various places in the Black Sea ;
among others they entered the harbour of Sevastopol and
dropped anchor there. This somewhat bold proceeding had
scarcely been cari'icd out before an order was sent from the
Governor demanding their immediate departure under pain
of being fired upon, a request Avhich Avas speedily complied
with.

O.-i ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

On the journey up tlie Dardauelles en route for Constan-
tinople the steamer stopped to Land some cargo at the ancient
SestoSj and, borrowing a boat and a couple of sailors from
the captain, Godman proceeded to bathe, when it suddenly
occurred to him that he Avas close to the spot where Leander
swam the Hellespont, so resolving to do the like, Godman
made the attempt, and successfully crossed to the Asiatic
side.

Before leaving Constantinople he fell in with two soldier
friends, and subsequently rode through Greece with them ;
then, after returning to Athens, crossed the Isthmus of
Corinth, took the steamer to Trieste, and so came home by
Vienna and Dresden.

In October 1853 Godman went to Cambridge, and, having
a great love for natural history, soon became acquainted wath
other kindred spirits, notably the two brothers Newton and
Osbert Salvin ; with the last then commenced that lifelong
and close friendship which culminated in the joint publi-
cation of the ' Biologia Centrali-Americana/ and terminated
only with Salvin's death in 1898. During the summer term
it had been the custom of the ornithological friends to meet
and talk over their recent captures of birds and eggs, and at
one of these meetings the suggestion was made that a
published record should be kept of their proceedings, but no
definite plan Avas then formulated, and it w^as not till the
celebrated gathering at Magdalene College in Alfred Newton's
rooms, in November 1857, that the British Ornithologists'
Union, consisting of 20 members, was founded, while the
first volume of ' The Ibis ' was issued in the ensuing year.

While at Cambridge Godman took his first lessons in
bird-stuffing, and thenceforth Salvin and he spent much of
their spare time on wet days in the shop of Baker, the well-
known taxidermist in theTrumpington Eoad, thus acquiring
that practical knowledge of bird-skinning Avhich was destined
to be so useful in after life. It was, however, by no means
Ornithology alone that interested them, and together they
made frequent expeditions into the Fens in search of
Lepidoptcra, and a very fair collection of local insects was

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 83

obtained. They were always in hopes of finding the Great
Copper Butterfly^ but, in consequence of the extensive
drainage of the Fens, it proved to have become extinct.
Godman relates that he m'cU remembers his delight at being
shown two large drawers full of this fine insect by Brown,
the tailor on King's Parade, also an ardent entomologist,
Avho liad captured them with his own hand.

In the spring of 1855, in company Avith Herbert Duck-
Avorth, Godman Avent to Italy, and, after visiting Rome and
Naples, proceeded alone to the Crimea, where he stayed for
some weeks with his brother, now Major-General Godman,
then a Captain in the 5th Dragoon Guards, and Avhile there
witnessed from the heights above Sevastopol the capture of
the Manielon by the French troops, and that of the Rifle Pits
by the English ; he aftei'Avards saw the unsuccessful attack
on the Malakoff, but left a few days before the second and
final attack, which ended in its capture and the evacuation
of Sevastopol by the Russians.

The first serious bird-collecting expedition was made in the
summer of 1857, for, having met with an accident and broken
his leg in the hunting-field during the winter, Godman
was obliged to forego an earlier trip Avith Tristram, Simpson
(Hudleston), and Sahnn on their interesting expedition to
Algeria. But he Avas able later to go with his brother
Percy, also an original member of the B.O.U., to Bodo in
the north of Norway, where they remained some Aveeks and
made a good collection of birds and eggs, including four or
five nests of the Great Snipe. Thence proceeding north-
wards to the Alten River, they crossed the mountains to
Muonioniska, where they paid John WoUey a visit, and Avere
taken by him to see a Crane's nest situated in the middle
of a large marsh, to which they Avaded up to their waists iu
mud and water, though perfectly aware that the young birds
had already left the place. They next went down the
Tornea River to Haparanda and by steamer to Stockholm
and St, Petersburg, visiting Moscow and Nijni Novgorod
before returning home. An account of the early part of this
trip appeared in ' The Ibis ' for 1861.

84 ORIGINAL INIEMBEKS.

Salvin had already paid a visit to Guatemala on business,
and had spent his spare time in collecting birds and insects,
and when Darwin's ' Origin of Species ' was published, both
Godman and Salvin read it with intense interest^ while it
shortly afterwards occurred to them that a careful exami-
nation of the fauna and flora of Central America would
throw some li^ht on the then much-discussed subject of the
distribution of species and its bearing on evolution. Partly
with this idea in view, partly from a natural and strongly
developed love of travel, they started together in August
1861, and going first to Jamaica, spent a month collecting
birds, insects, and plants most industriously, and then pi'o-
ceeded to Belize and Guatemala. Here they travelled about
the country, making, however, San Geronimo on the Atlaiitic
side and Duenas on the Pacific their chief headquarters.
From Duenas they made frequent expeditions into the high
forests of the Volcan de Fuego, forming large collections of
both birds and insects, shooting the Quesal and Oreophasis,
besides many other rare and interesting birds, all of which
were sent to England as opportunity occurred. On return-
ing from an expedition to the low forests of Vera Paz,
Godman had a sharp attack of malarial fever, which made it
imprudent for him to join his companion on the long and
tedious journey on foot from Coban to Petcn and Belize ;
he therefore returned to the Motagua River, and occupied
himself before returning home in obtaining specimens of
the fishes for the British Museum. The poisoning was
carried out in the following manner. Having engaged
some 20 Indians, they first made eight or nine V-shaped
wattle fences, locally called "tapescos," placing them at
various intervals across the shallower parts of the river,
the point of the V being down stream and left open. A
quantity of a plant (? Agave) was then collected and beaten
with sticks on the flat stones in the river, thus producing a
sort of soap-sud, which mixing with the water sickened the
fishes, and caused them to float upon the surface and be
carried down into the wicker baskets. In this manner about
eight or nine miles of water was poisoned, but although large

ORIGINAL MEMBEKS. 85

numbers of fishes were captured it Avas disappointing to find
that they belonged to but few species. Tlie process above
described was not infrequently resorted to by the Indians on
a smaller scale for the purpose of [)rocuring food, but on this
occasion a season was selected when a religious function was
about to take place, and as large quantities of fishes would be
required there was no difficulty in disposing of the surplus.
Having secured sufficient specimens, Godman proceeded to
Yzabal, where he again met Salvin, who had meanwhile
successfully accomplished his journey to Peten and Belize,
and, bidding him adieu, took the steamer for England, while
Sulvin returned to Duefias and remained in Guatemala
collecting birds and insects for another year. During their
sojourn in Central America they had instructed several
natives in the art of skinning birds and collecting generally,
and these they continued to employ for several years after
their own departure to England, receiving at intervals large
consignments of valuable material winch was to form the
basis of their research. On Salvin^s return from Guatemala
the two friends united their collections, and also gradually
acquired a considerable number of books on ornithology and
entomology, in order to assist them in Avorking out the
results of their labours.

Three years later Godman went to the Azores for the
purpose of investigating the Flora and Fauna of those
islands, devoting himself chiefly to the birds and plants, but
taking Avith him a Avell-known entomologist, Mr. Brewer, in
order to pay special attention to the Coleoptera, a subject
Avhicli had recently proved of much interest in the Canaries,
through the researches of Wollaston. After visiting all
the islands in the group with the exception of Santa Maria,
he returned with a good representative collection of the
birds, including a Bullfinch from St. Michael's, Avhich he
afterwards described and figured iti 'The Ibis' for 1864
under the name of Prjrrhula murina. He shortly after-
wards published an account of the results of this expedition
in an octavo volume entitled ' The Azores,' in which
he Avas assisted by JNIr. Crotch for the Coleoptera, Canon

80

oiiKiiNAi, a: i:,\i iti;i(s.

Trislrjini (or I lie ( 'oncliolo;.' y, .-iiid Mr. \\ ilson (or (Ik;
I'l.-uils.

Ill oilier lo ('oiii|i;i re lliiir I'.imikis iiiori- c-ril i(-;i lly uilli
iJiosc oC IIk' A/on^s, ( ukIiiimii iiiikIc ;i riirt.licr cxitcdit-ioii in
IH7'i lo Miulcir.-i ;iii(l llic Ciiiiniics, l)ii( ;ic;isc ol' siii;ill-|)ox
li.'iviiif;- ItroKcii oiil .'iiiioii^sl, I, lie cn-w oC 1 lie stcniiiiT, lie was
iiol iiMowcil lo l;iii(l :il llir (oriiicr isl;iii(l Inil u;is nciiI, on lo
'IVncrilTc, w licrr lie iiii(lcr\Mnl, Icii (Iiivm' i|ii;ii;iii( iiic in niiolil
ininril prison. Wiicii Ins (rccdoin \v;is r('i;;iin((l lie csl.-il)
lislicd his li(;idi|ii;iilci's ;if. I lie I'ncrl.o (\i- ( )rol;iv;i,, Croni
v\ liciicc lie niiidc viirions expeditions on Tool, to oilier purls
o( llie ishiiid, (VeipK'iitJy h"'"h ^" ''"' '"J^'' piin' I'"' '^1 , ■'•nd
on one oce;ision iisecndiii v; the |ie:ik. ( loin iniinie.'il ion uilli,
(lie oilier islands at tinit, time was a, iiniller of eonsideralile
(lidieiill \ , and in eonscfpienee oi" tin; ri;^i(l (|nai'a-nt iin- regu-
lations tlieii in IcM'ee, ( iod inaii was iinahle t.o do more than
pay :• linrried visit to Talma and l''n(;rt.e.\cnl,iira, while at,
neither ol these islands was he ahle to do ;uiy Hcrions
colleet in;;. On l(a\iii;_', I he ( 'anaries he landed in Madeira,
and went round the island on loot mahiii^' a, <-oll(;el,ioii of
hirds. Mere in the lanrel-Core-t he procured specimens of
I he W Ood I'i^^con, which, I hoiip,h ident ical with thai I on nil in
'reneride, proved lo he iindcscrihed and was named hy him
CoIiiuiIki IhiUii on his relnrn lo Kn;;land. TteCore lea\ iii^-
{"'iinehal he crossed lo the Salvages in an open hoat, slarlinj;
ill e:din and line wealhcr. The landing; is at all limes soiiie-
wliai didicnlt, as the rocks an; sleep and slippery, and there
is usually a, sw(dl; however, Imvin^- Meraiid)led ashore, he soon
round some rdrels hreedin;; in I hei r hn rrows ainoii;j,st iJu;
rocks, hill, had scarcely lime to };('t. more than a, do/en
specimens hd'ore it l)ej;an to hlow |)rel ly hard and a speedy
I'd real, tothelioal heeaine neeessa ry. ()n the rel iirii journey
l(» l*'iinelial the j;ale increased in viol(;nc(; and tin; boat was
nearly capsi/ed more than once, most of tin; birds and v<^<^s
wer(! washed ovcrhoard, and (Jodman only saved his ;;iia
Ironi the same late \\\ lasliin-; it to IIk; seal ol' llm hoal.
A short aeeoniil ol" his experiences in these islands appeannl.
in ' 'I'he llns ' lor IS?,'.'.

()iM(;i\ A r, M i:Aiiti;us.

87*

/\t Ills I'alJici'.s (Icjitli Sjilviii suc(u;('(l(!(l to llic propcrl v ill.
I'ciiiliiii'sl ill .Siiii'cy iiiid ji^.'ivc u|) liis Loiuloii house, wlicicr
;i \;u'^(' |);ii! ol' llic iiiiilcd collccl ions :iii(l Ixioks li.id, nj) till
ili.it. time, l)('(;ii stored. in order to iieeoiiiniodiite tli(vs(;
(iodman reiiled a, lioiise in 'reiilerdeii Street, wliieli jaler
l)e<-aiiie a. |)0|tiilar i( soil of the Oniilliolo^ical IValeniil \' all er
lh(! scjieiitirie iiie(;tiii^s o(" the /iOoh)j'ieal .Society in llaiiovci-
S<|iiai'e. TIk^ hoiis!! I)eiii<;- iarj^-er than (ioditiaii re(|iiiic(|,
lioi'd iiili'oi'd oeeii|iied I he •41'oiiiid Moor, and at various
times I3r(!.s.s(;i' and others also kepi their oriiil holo;.;ieal
c;()ll(U!lioiis there. IJesides his library and e<)lleetioiis, liilCord;
ulvvuys had therc^ a nnniher of liviii;^ |t(!ts, and aiiioM;.fst them
was a, liair-;;r'o\vn l5oa, wliieli on one occasion escaped Irom its
l)ox and was lost lor sonu; weeks, only to hcrcveiil iiall y toiind
(liiriii^i,- \\h'. " spriiij;- ehianin^- " (;oil(!d up hehiud some oC tin;
hooks. IjiUord used to allow this animal to crawl over him,
and OM one occasion the creature; huvin;^' coiled itscIC round
his hody commenced (o sipu-c/c him most unpieasanllv ; lie,
however, with some lillle dillieiiily IVeed himseir Irom its
emhrace and a,t once put it in a l)o\ and sent it slra,ij;ht to
the '/i(>()\(r^\ci\\ ( larrh'iis.

(iodmaii C(Miliiiiied to occupy this house lor soiiu; years,
hut on iindiii};' that tin; united eolleelions oiit^rcnv its
capaeily, he movcil lo lOdhaiido.s Street, (.lavendisli Scpiarc,
and there remained till I *.)()7.

In I.S7H (iodnian and SaJviii, who had hm;^, meditat(!(L
puhlishin;^ some coiiiiected rc^cord ol' their Natural History
(•xp(;ri(!iic(;s ill (.'(Mil ral America, at last matured a, plan lor
doiii;^ so. Il was proposed to «;ivc a, rull account of the
Hotany and Zoology of the K,e;i,ioii as liii' us it was possible^
calling' in the assistance ot various Npc(;ialists lor ma,iiy
of the sul))e.cls, while they th(;mselves uiid(;rtook the
Ornithology and Diurnal Lepidoptcra,, and also edited the
vvlioh; work. To this was later added an illustrat(;<l treatise
on Arclueolo^y hy Mr. A. I*. Maiidslay, who had paid special
iitt(!nlion to that sithjcct. The woi'k was lo he issued in
parts (the lirst appeared in S<;pt(5ml)er 1871)), each |)a,rt con-
tainiii'j,' I 'i sheets ot lellerprcss and an a\<'i'a;;(' or(; coloured,

■88 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

plates^ composed of various subjects^ vvliich, being differently
paged^ could eventually be bound up in their respective
volumes. It was estimated that the complete work might
extend to some 60 parts of Zoology ; but no sooner had the
publication commenced than a vast quantity of additional
material poured in, and it shortly became evident that ihe
scope o£ the work would have to be much extended. At the
l^resent time 201 parts of Zoology have been issued, which
include 45 completed volumes, 33 of these being devoted to
Insecta. Upwards of 36,000 species have been enumerated,
and nearly half of these are described as new, while the
greater immber are figured. Amongst the subjects finished,
the following statistics give some idea of the extent of the
•^Biologia^: — Mammalia (completed in 1882), 180 species,
illustrated by 22 plates ; Aves (4 volumes, completed in
1904), 1413 species, with 84 plates; lleptilia and Batrachia
(completed in 1902)^ 675 species, with 76 plates ; Pisces
(completed in 1908) 416 species, with 26 plates ; MoUusca
(completed in .1901), 887 species, Avith 44 plates; Arachnida
(3 volumes, completed in 1905), 1181 species, with 105
plates ; Lepidoptera Rhopalocera (3 volumes, completed in
1901), 1805 species (360 new), with 113 plates, &c.

Five volumes are devoted to the Botany (completed in.
1888), and this subject is illustrated by 110 plates.
The Neuroptera and Orthoptera will be completed in
November 1909.

Mr. G. C. Champion was especially sent out by Godman
to Guatemala and Panama, and proved an unusually good
collector. He remained in those countries from 1879 to 1 883,
and has since continually taken an active part in working-
out the vast amount of material obtained by himself and
other collectors. He has, however, specially devoted his
attention to the Insecta, which has proved by far the largest,
and perhaps the most important, subject. For some years
he has likewise been sub-editor.

In dealing with the enormoiis number of specimens which
had to be set, labelled, and frequently dissected, mention
must be made of the assistance rendered by Mr. A. Cant,

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 89

wlio has SO admirably executed this Avork, and who, with
Mr. Champion, is still engaged upon the ' Biologia.'

Godman having l)een invalided for some montlis by a
severe attack of phlebitis, was in 1888 recommended by his
Doctor to spend the winter in a warmer climate, and as he
and Salvin had found, in working out the various subjects
for the ' Biologia/ that their collections contained very scanty
material from Mexico, he decided to visit that country with
a view to supplying this deficiency. In order, however, to
gain full advantage from the expedition, he procured the
services of Messrs, Richardson and Lloyd, who devoted their
attention specially to collecting birds, the latter going to
the northern provinces, while the former accompanied
Godman to Central and Southern Mexico. He also took
with him Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Smith, who proved marvel-
lously good collectors in various branches of Entomology.
All these assistants remained in the country for a considerable
time after Godman's return, adding mucli valuable material,
but extending still farther the scope of the work.

On his return from Mexico, agreeing Avith his friend that
both their own and the National Collection Avere greatly
deficient in North-American birds, so important for com-
parison in Avorking out their Mexican allies, Godman bought
the Henshaw Collection, which Avas carefully examined and
authentically named by Professor Ridgway before it Avas
sent to England. This proved most valuable in determining
many of the Central Mexican species.

In the summer of 1879 Godman and Salvin made a short
trip to the Dauphine Alps in company with H. J. Ehves
and W. A. Forbes, with the double object of getting a change
of scene and air, and collecting Alpine butterllies, about
Avliich at that time they were all very keen. They at first
Avent to Chambery, driving past the Monastery of the Grand
Chartreuse to Grenoble and Brian^on, over the Col du
Lauteret on foot, to Oulx on the Mont Ceuis Ruihvay,
thence to Turin and Baveno on Lago Maggiore, and again
crossing the Alps by the Monte Moro pass into Switzerland
whence they returned to England. Their total capture of

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL. H

90 OKIGIXAL MKMBKRS.

Diurnal Lepiiloptera cUiriii^' tlio expedition Avas 103 species,
not a very large one, but this was doubtless due to the some-
what bad Mcaiher they experienced. Forbes Avrote a short
account of the results of this trip in the 'Entomological
Monthly Magazine ' for 1880. It was in crossing the Monte
More pass that Salvin first discovered that he had something
■wrong with his heart; he lagged behind at the steepest part,
while the rest rather raced u^p the slope, but it was not till
long after that the true cause was known, which ultimately
proved fatal to him. He died suddenly on June 1st, 1898,
and his death, as may well be imagined, came as a terrible
blow to his friend, who was thus left alone to continue their
great work.

For some years Godman had devoted most of his time to
Entomology, leaving the Ornithology chiefly to Salvin;
but with the Aves of the 'Biologia" still unfinished, he
determined to complete this first, and having secured the
assistance of Dr. 11. B. Sharpe he proceeded with
volume iii., which had only just been commenced; this being-
concluded, he returned to the Rhopalocera, of which the
difficult family of the Pamphilinte was as yet untouched.

A succession of severe attacks of influenza, followed by
six months of phlebitis, rendered Godman for some time
unfit for much exertion, so, taking the advice of his Doctor,
he spent a good deal of time abroad, and in company with
his Vi'ife twice visited Egypt, on one occasion going as far as
Luxor, and on another to Goz-abu-Guma on the White
Nile, where he was much impressed by the enormous
flocks of (*ranes, Ducks, and other wild fowl that frequent
that part of the river. Thc}^ also Avcnt to South Africa, and
thence north as far as the Zambezi falls, visiting the Gold-
fields at Johannesburg, the Diamond-mines at Kimberley,
and the principal battlefields in Natal and in the Orange
River Colony, and including a trek from Kimberle}^^ to
Bloemfontein in company Avith iVIajor-General Broadwood.

In 1907 Godman again sought Dr. 11, B. Sliarpc's assis-
tance in order to undertake a work Avhich Salvin had
contemplated with regard to the Procellariidte, a family'^for

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 91

whicli he always had a special liking, while he had lost no
opiDortuuity of procuring all the specimens lie could obtain.
He intended to supj)lement his Catalogue in the 25th
volume of the Birds of the British Museum by an
illustrated monograph on the group, and with this idea
some 40 coloured plates by Mr. Keulemans had been
executed. Salvin^s untimely death, however, had put an
end to this project, and Godman^s first idea was to complete
the remainder of the plates and publish them with only a
fiew notes from the Catalogue.

A vast amount of fresh material had in the meautime
come to hand in the various expeditions towards the South
Pole, and Mr. Rothscliild had also a very fine collection which
he most kindly placed at Godman's disposal, and this entailed
a thorough revision of the subject. This work is being-
issued in Parts, three of which, covering more than half the
ground, have already appeared.

From very early days Godman exhibited an intense love of
sport, which shewed itself in the varied pursuits of huntiug,
fishing, shooting, and stalking. As a boy he kept a pack of
beagles, and later a pack of harriers, with which he hunted
in the counties of Surrey and Sussex. He was a constant
follower of Lord LeconfiekVs hounds, as well as of several
other well-known packs. After hunting, few sports appealed
more to him than stalking : his first experiences were in the
island of Lewis, wdiere he shared a shooting with three other
friends ; he afterwards rented the forest of Killelan on the
west coast of Ross-shire, which proved a good sporting-
place, but it w^as in Glenavou forest, which he rented for
eigrhteen years from the Duke of Richmond, that the best
all-round sport was obtained. Here on one occasion eight
stags, averaging over 15^ stone, were stalked and killed by
him in one day. His first salmon-fishing was at Glenda-
lough in Galway, and he afterwards fished other rivers in
Scotland, notably the Ness and the Tweed ; on the latter
river in 1906 he landed 20 fish in a single day, thus beating
the record on the Hendersyde water.

Although, the pleasures of the chase appealed so much to

n2

92 ORIGINAL :\rEMBERS.

liim, the delight of watching and studying the habits of the
Avild animals added greatly to his enjoyment_, and whether
it was the pursuit of a fox or a stag, or the capture of a
rare bird or scarce butterfly, each in turn afforded him
equal pleasure.

Besides the expeditions already referred to, Godman made
others to India with H. J. Elwes, where they spent some
time in Native Sikkim, afterwards visiting the Madras
Presidency and Ceylon. In addition to the before-mentioned
journeys to Egypt and South Africa, he, accompanied by his
wife, also visited Jamaica a second time, Spain, Italy,
Sicily, Greece, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland,
and the Netherlands ; but as these expeditions were not
primarily devoted to natural history, no special mention is
here made of them.

When not engaged in scientific work Godman experienced
a '[keen sense of enjoyment in horticulture, and in his
garden in Sussex many rare and interesting plants are
to 'be found. Though warmly appreciating all works of
art, special attention has been paid to ceramics, and his
collection of early Persian and Hispano-Moresque lustre,
as well as of Rhodian and Damascus ware, is widely known.
As will have been seen, Godman was author — or joint
author with Salvin — of the ' Biologia Centrali- Americana/
'The Azores/ and of many papers in 'The Ibis,' chiefly on
the birds of Central and South America, of others in the
' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' the ' Annals and
Magazine of Natural History/ and the ' Proceedings of the
Entomological Society/ on Lepidoptera.

He is D.C.L. (Oxford), F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S.,
F.E.S. (of which he was President for some years), F. Soc.
Antiquaries, Memb. Royal Inst., a Trustee of the British
Museum, Memb. B.O.U. (Secretary from 1870 to 1882 and
from 1889 to 1897, President from 1896).

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908,

MR. P. S. GODMAN.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 93

Mr. p. S. GODMAN.

Percy Sanden Godman was born on Nov. 12tli, 1836. He
was educated at Eton College from 1849 to 1853, and at
Trinity College, Cambridge^ whence he took his B.A. degree,
from 1854 to 1858. In 1857, in company with his brother,
F. D. Godman, he went on an ornithological tour to Norway,
making- Bodo his headquarters. Amongst many interesting
birds observed were : a pair of Halia'etus albicilla (which had
young in April), Turdus iliacus, Turdus jjilaris, Fringilla
montif ring ilia, Motacilla alba, Cyanecula suecica, Linota
rufescens, Slre^isilas interpres (eggs of all of which were taken,
as Avell as nests of Gallinago major) . Tringa striata, Tringa
temmincki, Anser albifrons, Stercorarius crepidatus, and a
large variety of Ducks and Gulls were also observed {vide
'Ibis,^ vol. iii. p. 77). Subsequently the two brothers followed
the West Coast, visiting the Lofoten Isles, and reaching Alton.
They walked and boated across Finland to Haparanda in
Sweden, visiting en route, at Muoniovara, Mr. J. WoUey,
who kindly entertained them and shewed them some of his
most recent discoveries in the way of eggs — -such as, Strix
nyctea, Surnium lapponicum, Surnia nlula, Astur palumbarius,
Garrulus infaustus, Ampelis garridus, Scolopax gallinula,
Mergus albellus, and so forth. At this place they also visited
the site of a Crane's nest, where two young birds had been
reared that season.

In 1859 Percy Godman took up his residence at Borre-
gaard, Sarpsborg, Norway, where he had frequent oppor-
tunities of continuing his ornithological researches, as in
the neighbouring forests, amongst many other interesting or
little-known birds, were to be found breeding Bubo ignavus,
Surnia, ulula, Athene noctua, Buteo lagopus, Pernis apivorus,
Pandion halia'etus, Picus niartius, Picus tridactylus , Parus
cristatus, Muscicapa atricapilla, Scolopax rusticula, all in

94 OHIGIXAL MEMBERS.

considerable iiumljers ; tlie last-named Ijiid Mas Ircquently
seen carrying its young between its legs, and once only
in its claws. Chrysomitris spinus, Linota Jinaria, Motucilla
alba and Loxia curvirostra, bred in the garden.

Godman was married on March 30th, 1869, and now
resides at Muntham, Horsham. He became a Corresponding
Member of the Zoological Society in 1858, J. P. for Sussex
in 1881, and Alderman of the West Sussex County Council
in 1892.

He is one of the five surviving original members of
the B. O. U.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. J. H. GURNEY.

ORIGIXAL MEMBERS. 95

Mr. J. H. GURNEY.

By the death of John Henry Gurney, on tlie 20th of
April, 1890, not only did the British Ornithologists' Union
lose one of its Founders, but '^The Ibis' one of its most
constant and munificent supporters. He was the only
son of Joseph John Gurney, of Earlham, in the county of
Norfolk (celebrated for the various phihiuthropic under-
takings to which he devoted the leisure of his life), and
was born on the 4th of July, 1819. At the age of ten
years he was sent to a private tutor, who lived iu Epping
Forest. Thence lie went to the Friends' School at Totten-
ham, and on leaving it, being then about seventeen years
old, entered the banking business at Norwich, in which his
family had long been so successfully engaged. His love of
natural history shewed itself very early, and the writer of
these lines was told by him of his getting into a serious
scrape at school for dissecting a bird on a mahogany desk,
which immediately afterwards revealed the secret of the use
to which it had been put as an operating-table, by the stains
ou the polished surface from the camphorated spirit (supplied
to the boys as a cure for colds, and the only antiseptic
liquid available) that he had employed to avert the possi-
bility of unpleasant odours from his " subject."

During his school-days in Essex he made the acquaintance
of Mr. Henry Doubleday, of Epping, so long known for his
ornithological and entomological collections, and from him
obtained, in 1836, an introduction to the equally well-known
Mr. T. C. Hey sham, of Carlisle, Avith whom he kept up for
many years a correspondence, chiefly on zoological matters
— sending him from time to time birds, mostly obtained, iu
Norfolk ; for at this time Gurney had not begun a collection
of his own. That his generosity was then as great as it
continued to be in after years is shoAvn by his letters to
Heysham, which have fortunately been preserA^ed, and have

96 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

been kindly placed at the service of tlie writer of this notice
by their present custodian, Mr. H. A. Macpherson, giving-
almost the only information to be obtained as to this period
of Gurney's life. They will compare well with those written
by any other youthful zoologist. Zeal is, of course^ to be
expected in a greater or less degree, and here it is found to
be in the former ; but it seems to be in all cases tempered
by a sober judgment ; and, if a partiality be observable
towards whatever relates to the zoology, and especially the
ornithology, of Norfolk, it must be remembered that this
was the subject on which the writer undertook to inform his
correspondent, while, as the correspondence advances, what
may be called its breadth of view decidedly increases. More-
ovei', it seems to be strictly according to the fitness of things
that a young naturalist should begin by paying attention to
the objects which, being the nearest to him, come the more
closely under his observation, for thus he is able to proceed
from the known to the unknown — the surest mode of
acquiring knowledge. There have been possibly few men
who could, at the age of nineteen, write as Gurney did to
Heysham on the 8th of February, 1838 : —

"^ Though I can seldom or never resist the temptation of
procuring a tolerable bird in the flesh, when opportunity
occurs, I care very little for them after I have once learnt
them by heart, as I contrive to preserve them almost as well
in my memory as I could hope to do in my cabinet. I there-
fore generally palm their rem.ains off on some of my friends ;
because, though I know that in themselves they are often
worthless, yet I always faricy that there is some interest
in comparing specimens of the same bird from different
localities."

This last must have been an original observation, as it was
made before the question of local variation of species had
been publicly mooted ! He Avent on to say, " it seems to
me impossible that any stuffed specimen can bear much
resemblance to the living bird"" — a remark which, even
allowing for a general improvement of the taxidermist's art,
is, on the whole, as true now as it was then.

ORIGINAL :membkrs. 97

Gui'iiey's earliest published communication seems to have
been a note in the ' Annals and JMagazine of Natural History '
for March 1842 (vol. ix. p. 19j, and it ^vas followed by
another in the same journal for June {tout. cit. p. 353), the
subject of both being ornithological occurrences in his own
county. In the next year ' The Zoologist ^ was established,
and to this he became a frequent contributor^ publishing in
the volume for 1846, with the aid of Mr. W. R. Fisher,
*' An Account of Birds found in Norfolk/^ a very careful
piece of work, and for a good while the most ambitious that
he attempted, thougli he was constantly communicating
short notes to that periodical, and did so for the rest of his
life. When the scheme for founding ' The Ibis ' was pro-
posed, he entered warmly into it. He meant to attend the
meeting held at Cambridge in the autumn of 1858, when
the preliminaries were definitely arranged, but was prevented,
almost at the last moment, from carrying out his intention
of being present. His advice, however, was acted upon none
the less, and was of great service to the other founders. He
helped to mould into a practicable form various proposals then
made, and liberally promised to defray the cost of a plate
for each number of the new Journal, in addition to the two
plates for which allowance was made in the original estimate.
This charge he continued to bear for the whole of the tirst
series of ' The Ibis,' only stipulating that the subject of each
plate that he presented should be a ^' Bird of Prey,^^ — for
he had already made great progress in forming the now vast
and celebrated collection of '^Raptores" in the Norwich
Museum, to which institution he had been a donor in 1828,
when he was but nine years of age. But he was by no
means exclusively devoted to this group of birds. He
bought a large portion of the ornithological collection
formed by Mr. Wallace in the Malay Archipelago, and pre-
sented it to the Museum at King^s Lynn (for which borough
he sat as representative in the House of Commons from
1854 to 1865), while about the same time circumstances
led him to take especial interest in the ornithology of South
Africa, as is shown by his numerous papers in our pages on

D8 OKKWXAI. .MKMBKUS.

collections madc^ aluiost entirely at his instij.^"ation, Ijy
]Mr. Ayres in Xatal and the Transvaal, and by his editing
in 187.2 'The Birds of Damara Land/ from the papers
of his friend Charles John Andersson. Gurney's own com-
munications to 'The Ihis^ reachj if we have counted them
rightly^ the number of one hundred and forty, the latest
being in the part issued in January 1891 ; and though
j^ome of them are admittedly of slight importance^ it is
observable of all that they deal Avith facts and not with
fancies. As he uever wrote for writing's sake^ and related
Avhat he had to state in the simple and precise terms which
prove the true man of science, his contributions may have
sometimes seemed dull compared with the brilliant essays
and darling speculations that this Journal occasionally
contains from other pens ; but no attentive reader can fail
to discern the solid foundation on which Gurney^s work
rests, and the probability, if not the certainty, of its being
consulted and found useful when theoretical treatises have
passed out of mind.

The secret of this foundation is the accuracy of the in-
formation he possessed ; and it is undeniable that in his
knowledge of the Accipitres and Striges he stood alone. A
great part of his information regarding the first of tiiese
groups he fortunately contributed to ' The Ibis ' between
1875 and 1882, in a series of " Notes " on the first volume
of the ' Catalogue of Birds iu the British ^Museum/ and on
its conclusion he brought out "A List of Diurnal Birds of
Prey, with References and Annotations ' {cf. ' Ibis," 1884,
p. 45d), which is indispensable to all students of these birds.
This was his last important work, for though he contem-
plated a companion Avork on the Nocturnal Birds of Prey, it
is believed that not a word of it was written. Indeed, for the
last few years the state of his health forbade his often visiting
the Museum at NorAvich, where alone he could carry on
the examination of specimens necessary for the execution
of such a work. Some twenty years ago he was affected by
a disease believed to be incurable, though its fatal efibcts
might be long delayed by strict attention to diet ; and

ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

99

followiiig closely the medical advice given him his efforts
were so far successful that he may be said to have enjoyed
the quiet life he led in the old family-house at Northrepps,
near Cromer. Though his bodily strength gradually failed,
he was only seriously ill for a few days before he calmly
expired.

In the foregoing remarks the ornithological aspect of
Gurney's life has^ as is here fitting, been chiefly dwelt upon.
It must be added that at one time Fishes were as favourite
au object of study with him as Birds, and in a general Avay
he had a great taste for every branch of Zoology. As an
antiquary also he was possessed of no inconsiderable know-
ledge. But more than this : it would be wrong to omit
reference to his bountiful generosity, which not only shewed
an extraordinary kindness of heart, but was bestowed with a
degree of discretion and retiring modesty that doubled its
utility to the recipients. The loss, through the failure of
the mercantile house in which he was concerned, of the vast
income that he once enjoyed certainly made no difference
iu the liberality of his disposition, though it lessened the
amount he had for distribution, and caused it to be
administered with even less ostentation. But among all
qualities that he possessed, perhaps a placid temper was the
most characteristic. To it may possibly have been due
some of his misfortunes, but it certainly enabled him to
preserve the mens cequa in adversis. — A. Newton.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

The Rev. W. H. HAWKER.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 101

The Rev. W. H. HAWKER.

The Rev. William Henry Hawker, of Ashford Lodge, near
Petersfield, vicar of the parish of Stee^D, in which his property
Avas situated, although not an actual contributor to ' The
' Ibis ■' was a personal friend of many of us, and an ardent
supporter of natural science. He was, moreover_, one of the
original members of the British Ornithologists' Union.

Mr. Hawker was the fifth son of the late Admiral Hawker,
and was born in Dec. 1827. He was educated at Rugby and
Trinity College, Cambridge, and, after taking his degree,
studied at Wells for the Church, After taking Orders, he
■was for some years curate of Idsworth, near Horndean, in
the south of Hampshire, and removed to Ashford some time
after succeeding to that property in 1860. Mr. Hawker was
owner of a considerable collection of British birds and
insects ; he was an ardent entomologist and an excellent
botanical collector. He made frequent excursions in various
parts of Europe, particularly in Norway, Switzerland, the
Maritime Alps of Savoy, and the Islands of Corsica and
Sardinia. He was an active member of the Alpine Club, and
contributed several valuable papers to the '^ Alpine Journal,^
among which we may mention an account of his travels in
Corsica in the spring of 1866, as containing much matter
interesting to naturalists. He was a good sportsman, a
keen shot and fisherman. Mr, Hawker died, after a short
illness, on the 26th of May, 1874, at the early age of forty-six
years.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. A. R. KXOX.

ORIGINAL MEMBEllS. 103

Mk. a. E. KNOX.

Arthur Edward Knox was born in Dnblin on tlie 28th
of December, 1808. He Avas the eldest son of the late
Mr. John Knox, of" Castlerea, in the eonnty of Mayo (who
died in 1861), the descendant of a branch o£ the Scottish
family of tliat name which had settled in Ireland early in
the seventeenth century^. He entered Brazenose College
in the University of Oxford — where he graduated M.A. — and
obtained a commission in the Second Regiment of Life-
Guards, from which he retired about the time of his
marriage, in 1835, with Lady Jane Parsons, daughter of the
second Earl of Rosse, and therefore sister to the constructor
of the famous telescope. Mr. Knox soon after took up his
abode near Pagham, on the coast of Sussex, and there began
a course of observations on the birds of that county, the
results of which have appeared in his two best-known works.
A few years later he removed to New Grove, near Pctworth,
subsequently to St. Ann's Hill. Midhurst, about 18(50 to
Trotton House, near Petersfield, and finally to Dale Park,
Arundel. His first published notes appeared in ' The
Zoologist ' for 184-3 ; and, in 1849, he brought out his
' Ornithological Rambles in Sussex : with a Systematic
Catalogue of the Birds of that County ' — the precursor of
many works of similar local scope^ few of which, however,
have equalled it as regards personal experience, while none
have surpassed it in spirit. A favourable notice by his
friend and country-neighbour, the late Bishop Wilberforce,
in the ' Quarterly Review/ not only helped the sale of this
little book, so that a second and a third edition ap])eared in
1850 and 1855 respectively, but encouraged the immediate

* See Dr. Charles liogers's ' Genealogical Memoirs of John Kuox nmX
the Family of Knox ' (pp. 33-40), printed for the Grampian Club iu
1879.

104

ORIGINAL :\ii:Mii!:us.

publication of another — • (lame Birds and Wild FowP — of
no less merit, though herein the author shews more of the
sportsman than the ornithologist. A scientific ornithologist,
indeed^ Mr. Knox never professed to be ; but, so far from
being one of the many popular writers who because they
know not science affect to despise its teachings, he held it in
the utmost respect; and in November 1858, when there was
considerable doubt whether the required score of members
for the B. O. U. would be secured, he took the greatest interest
in the project, became one of the Founders, and contributed
a pleasantly written little paper to the first volume of this
Journal {' Ibis,' 1859, pp. 395-397). Mr. Knox's last work
was 'Autumns on the Spey,' published in 1872, and its
frontispiece will give to those who knew him not some idea
of his personal appearance, though to them no conception
can be conveyed of his genial nature, his fund of humour,
and his varied accomplishments — among which mention may
be made of his power as a draughtsman, though this may
be judged by the plates to the now rare original edition of
his first work. His collection of birds, formed almost
entirely in Sussex, he gave, on breaking up his establish-
ment at Trotton, to his long-attached friend the Duke of
Richmond and Gordon, to be preserved at Goodwood House;
but on the Dukes's death it was handed over to Mrs. Fletcher,
Knox's daughter. He died on the 23rd of September, 1886,
at Dale Park, near Arundel, where Mrs. Fletcher still
resides.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. E. C. NEWCOME.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 105

Mr. E. C. NEWCOME.

The best friends of ' The Ibis ' have not been limited to
those whose names have appeared oftenest, or even at any-
time^ in its pages. In tliis country ornithology has many
of its warmest supporters among men who scarcely ever
publish a line on the subject. Such a one Avas Edward
Clough Newcome, an original jNIember of the B. O. U.^
Avho died on the 22nd of September^ 1871, having nearly
completed his sixty-second year. Devotedly attached from
his boyhood to field-sports, and having abundant oppor-
tunities for their enjoyment, his undoubted preference was
for such as brought him more especially into contact with
the wilder and less-known kinds of birds ; and being a close
and accurate observer, his knowledge of their habits and
peculiarities was of extraordinary extent. As an efficient
falconer he was, perhaps, unequalled, whether by professionals
or amateurs; and for many years he was, in England,
almost the sole and certainly the most influential supporter
of that ancient and nearly obsolete sport. In the pursuit
of what are ordinarily termed '' wild fowl," and in the
exercise of the various modes by which they are procured,
he had attained an aptitude little, if at all, inferior to that
of men whose livelihood depends on the successful practice
of their vocation. But experience in the field was not all ;
one of his favourite employments was the formation of a col-
lection of British birds : and this, consisting almost entirely
of specimens preserved and set up by his own hands, was at
the time one of the best of its kind in the kingdom, whether
for the completeness and rarity of its contents or for the
artistic taste and ornithological truth with which they were
mounted. Some of the species in it Avere represented by the
only examples supposed to have been obtained in Britain.
Such Avere the Rock-Thrush [Monticola saxatilis), the Capped

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL. I

106 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

Petrel {(J'Jsfrelafa hcesitata — Avhich lie himself rescued from
the hands of his hawking-boy), and the Lineated Buzzard
{Buteo Uneatus). Mr, Newcome's single contribution to
ornitliological literature Avas, we believe, limited to a brief
notice in this Journal {' Ibis/ 1865, ]). 549) of the bird
last mentioned ; but he was always ready cheerfully to
communicate the results of his long experience to others,
and the writers were not few who availed themselves of his
knowledge of the particular subjects in which he was so
great a proficient. — A. Neivton.

Ibis.Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Professor ALFRRD NKWTON.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 107

Professor ALFRED NEWTON.

Death was busy in 1907 among the original members ot
the l^ritish Ornithologists' Union. Not to mention the
name of Osbert Salvin^ whose death occurred some nine
years previously^ those of Ednard Cavendish Taylor and
Henry Baker Tristram must not be forgotten ; but greatest
loss of all was that of Alfred Newton, who died at Magdalene
College, Cambridge, on the 7th of June of that year. By
a curious coincidence, this happened to be the day of the
celebration of the bi-centenary of Linnteus, and tlie sad
news, as it circulated among the Fellows of the Linnean
Society, served to cast a gloom over the proceedings of the
evening.

Alfred Newton was born at Geneva on the 11th June,
1829, and thus, at the time of his decease, only wanted four
days of completing his 78th year. He Avas one of a large
family of brothers and sisters, and his father was the owner
of the well-known estate of Elveden (called in those days
" Elden"''), on the borders of Suffolk and Norfolk, famous for
its partridges. In fact, the eldest brother, William, one of
the few survivors of the Coldstreams at Inkerman, and the
youngest brother, Edward, well known to many of the
members of the B. 0. U., ranked amongst the crack partridge-
shots of their day. Nor was Alfred at all averse to this
sport, though his lameness, the result of an accident during
childhood, was always a bar to any great physical exertion.
Perhaps it was this cause which rendered him the more
contemplative and observant of the features of the verv
interesting district in which it was his good fortune to
spend his early years.

He was educated at home and at a private school^ but
when he came to Cambridge as an undergraduate in 1818,
he was already a thorough-going naturalist, both by nature

i2 '

108 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

and by habit. For this reason, perliaps, the ordinary
curriculum of the University was distasteful to him ; nor
was his early devotion to natural history always regarded
Avitli approval at home, being considered unlikely to conduce
to success in after life. Yet he obtained a considerable
reputation in his College as an essayist in English, and his
love for natural history was the making of him, though no
one exactly anticipated the distinguished career that he Avas
destined to achieve. Had he chosen the law as his pro-
fession, which might well have been the case, he would have
made an excellent barrister, and there is nothing he Avould
have enjoyed more thoroughly than the cross-examination
cf a prevaricating witness.

Newton was elected to the Drury travelling fellowship,
for the sons of Norfolk gentlemen, at ^Magdalene in 1853,
shortly after taking his B.A. degree, and went abroad for
several years in pursuit of the knowledge which most in-
terested him. To anticipate : some time after the travelling
fellowship had expired, viz. in 1^77, his College elected him
to a Foundation Fellowship, and he continued to reside in
the Old Lodge at Magdalene, which had been his head-
quarters for some years previously.

In the course of his many journeys, Newton's predilec-
tions seemed to favour the Arctic. Thus we find him the
companion of John Wolley in Lapland during the summer of
1855. Again, in 1858 he accompanied his friend to the last
home of the Great Auk, or " Garefowl " as he loved to call
it, in Iceland, and spent the early part of a rather miserable
summer in that island. The last of his northern excursions
took place in 186i, when he accompanied Sir E. Birkbeck
in his yacht to Spitsbergen. Meanwhile he did not neglect
more southern climes, since we find him in the West Indies
in 1857, whence he proceeded to the U.S. of America,
partly for the purpose of conferring with the naturalists of
Philadelphia and Washington. Again, in 1862 we find him
crossing the Atlantic, but he returned to England in January
of the following year, the paper in ' The Ibis ' relating to
his experiences at Madeira being dated " Elveden, Feb. 28th,

ORIGINAL IMEMBERS. 109

1863/' Moreover^ this was the last time that Newton dated
from the paternal mansion, which was shortly to be occupied
W the Maharajah Dlmleep Singh. It must not be supposed
that Newton never travelled in subsequent years, but it is
probable that the period of his great travels was over at the
time that he was elected to tlie newly constituted Chair
of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at Cambridge in
March 1860. This event would act as a stay upon him, and
may naturally be regarded as the turning-point in his career.

We must now, as in private duty bound, consider Alfred
Newton in his relations to the B. O. U. There may have
been some mistake lately made as to the precise share that
he took in its foundation, but we have only to read the
preface to the first volume of 'The Ibis,Mvhen the facts
were fresh in the Editor's (Dr. Sclater) recollection, in order
to perceive that it was not only founded at Cambridge, but
that it was to a considerable extent planned there ; and we
may feel sure that Alfred Newton's influence, as the leading-
ornithologist in the University, had its due weight in
establishing it. The question of founding an ornithological
union was certainly discussed at the meeting of the British
Association at Leeds in September 1858, where men from
Cambridge, including Wolley and Newton, enjoyed the
advantage of conferring with representatives of the sister
University,

No sooner was the B. 0. U. founded than Alfred Newton
became an important contributor to 'The Ibis.' Not to
mention his joint paper on the '' Birds of St. Croix," we
find in the first two volumes certain unsigned communi-
cations which are in singular contrast to each other, and
which shew the different phases of his character. The first
of these is a review of Bree's ' Birds of Europe not observed
in the British Isles,' and this serves to illustrate the critical
side of Newton's mind, as he never could endure anything
like inaccuracy. But he Avent a step beyond what is usual
in criticizing in anticipation that portion of Bree's work
which had not yet appeared. The second communication,
viz. " A Memoir of the late John Wolley," displays the

110 ORIGINAL :\IEMBERS.

other side of Newton's cliaracter. He gives an interesting
and, we ma}' be sure, accurate history of his friend, and the
conchiding paragraph of this essay — an essay subsequently
expanded in the Introduction to the "^ Ootheca Wolleyana ' —
affords an insight into his trutli-loving and affectionate
nature. This was followed by two important papers in the
third volume, viz., '' Particulars of Mr. J. Wolley^s Discovery
of the Breeding of the Waxwing {Ampelis garrulus) " and
" Abstract of Mr. J. Wolley's Researches in Iceland respect-
ing the Garefowl or Great Auk {Alca impennis)." Thus we
perceive that he lost no time in doing justice to the labours
of his deceased friend, whilst he was also making valuable
contributions to ornithology. His last great paper in the
first series of ' The Ibis ' was on the " Irruption of Pallas's
Sandgrouse {Syrrhaptes paradoxus) in 1863." This, as
usual, he wished to defer until further information had been
obtained, but he was prevailed upon to write whilst the
subject was still fresh in the mind of the public. The paper
concludes with a strongly-worded protest against the inhos-
pitable treatment of these interesting Siberian migrants
in search of a new home. Some years afterwards (1888)
there was another irruption, especially into Scotland, and
Newton had the pleasure of receiving a newly-hatched chick
from the sand-hills of the Moray Firth, which he exhibited
at the ensuing meeting of the British Association, and which
was duly figured in ' The Ibis' (1890, pi. vii.).

It may be mentioned here that there were two subjects in
■which Newton was specially interested, and on which he
occasionally wrote in ' The Ibis.^ The first of these relates
to the Avifauna, existing and extinct, of the Mascareue
Islands. He managed, in conjunction with his brother
Edward, sometime Colonial Secretary of the Mauritius, to
procure a fine series of bones of the Dodo from that island,
and also of the Solitaire of Rodriguez (Pezophaps soUtarius).
He remarks that "a more wonderful structure than the
Dodo's skeleton it is not easy for an ornithologist to con-
ceive.'^ The second of the two subjects relates to the Great
Auk, which he may be said to have inherited from Wolley,

ORIGINAL :\ie:\ibeks. Ill

and on which he was engaged at the time of his death. He
made a sort of census of the remains of this bird known
to exist about 1870^ and returned them as consisting of
72 skins, 9 skeletons, the separate bones of about 40 indi-
viduals, and 65 eggs. His last notice respecting it in ' The
Ibis^ was written in 1898^ when he described, not Avithout
a touch of emotion, the " Orcadian Home of the Garefowl,'
and referred to the tragedy of 1813 [op. c'lt. p. 587). His
annual cruise with the late Henry Evans in Scottish Avaters
gave him the desired opportunity, and he succeeded in
discovering a low platform of rock, protected by the larger
island of Papa Westray, Avhere there would be room "^for a
regiment of Auks to have lauded at any state of the tide,
and to have marched in line up the gentle ascent.^'

From 1865 to 1870 Newton edited the second series of
' The Ibis," and Ave may be sure that due attention was
paid to the notices of works on ornithology, whether pub-
lished at home or abroad. He was ably supported, as the
Editors have been at all times, and, in resigning the editor-
ship in October 1870, pleaded that engagements no less
pressing than numerous had for some time past urged upo7i
him the advisability of retiring, and he announced Osbert
Salvin as his successor.

His retirement Avas scarcely to be wondered at, for
Professor Newton svas becoming a public character, and
must have had his hands full of work for some time. He
Avas never idle, and if not occupied Avith his studies at Cam-
bridge, he was either fighting in London and elscAvhere for
the cause of Bird-Protection, or Avriting long articles,
especially in the '^ Field,' or providing an appendix to this
or that publication. Whenever there was a question of
Birds everybody turned towards NcAvton. He had to pre-
pare an appendix to Baring-Gould's ' Iceland," to the
' Arctic Manual,' to Lubbock's '■ Fauna of Norfolk,' &c.
This last appendix, dealing Avith the subject of '^ Hawking
in Norfolk," is particularly interesting, as Newton had had
considerable personal experience in this matter, having
frequently accompanied his former neiglibour, the late

112 OKIGIXAL jMEMBERS.

Edward Clough Newcome (an original member of the
B. O. U.) on his expeditions. This gentleman, as is well
known, endeavonred to resuscitate the favourite sport of
the jMiddle Ages, and for some years carried on the pursuit
with considerable success in the wilds of South-west Norfolk.
When not specially engaged at Cambridge, Newton was
by no means neglectful of the Royal, the Zoological, and
other Societies, and was often a conspicuous figure at the
meetings of the British Association. He also took much
interest in the 'Zoological Record.^ He was chairman of
the Close-Time Committee and of the British Association
Committee on the Migration of Birds. Elected F.R.S. in
1870, he was a Yiee-President both of the Royal and Zoolo-
gical Societies. Somewhat late in life (1901) he was awarded
one of the Royal Medals, and Lord Lister took occasion to
remark that the progress of Ornithology in this country was
due mainly to his " critical, suggestive, and stimulating
influence." In the same year he was also awarded the gold
medal of the Linneau Society.

As an ornithological writer Newton obtained a world-wide
reputation. Amongst his numerous publications we might
perhaps select the first two volumes of the fourth edition of
' Yarrell,' the ' Dictionary of Birds,' and the ' Ootheca
Wolleyana ' for special notice. There can be no doubt that
a great impulse Avas given to the study of British Birds by
his preparation of the fourth edition of ' Yarrell,' which, so
far as he went, was thoroughly brought up to date. But
here comes in one of Prof. Newton's peculiarities. The first
volume appeared in 1874, and the second was not completed
until 1882 — rather a long time for the subscribers to remain
in suspense. The fact is that the Editor was always content
to wait for fresh matter rather than turn out an imperfect
piece of work, and so the fourth edition of ' Yarrell ' was
finished — and well finished — by another hand. The ' Dic-
tionary of Birds ' stands on a somewhat different footing.
We have already seen that, when the subject of Birds had
to be dealt with, editors and publishers always turned to
Alfred Newton ; and thus it came to pass that during the

ORIGINAL MEMBEKS. 113

publication of the ninth edition of the ' Enc3^clop8eclia
Britaiinica ' he was chosen, as a matter of course, to write
ahout Birds. That he was one of the most valued contri-
butors to that very useful publication no one can. doubt,
and the numerous articles bearing his signature have been
incori'orated, with some additions and emendations, in the
' Dictionary of Birds/ to which also other writers of eminence
have contributed. The article '^ Birds/' for instance, is
essentially composite, whilst that on '•'^ Fossil Birds'' has
been largely reconstructed with the help of Mr. Lydekker,
and formed the subject of an address delivered before the
Second International Ornithological Congress at Budapest
in 1891. The article ''Ornithology" is Newton's very own
and embodies in a most condensed form the results of his
long experience. That there still lemained a touch of
caustic in the author can be inferred from a note in the
Introduction, where he expresses a hope that persons indif-
ferent to the pleasures of Natural History may tind in it
{i. e. in the Dictionary) some corrections to the erroneous
impressions commonly conveyed by sciolists posing as
instructors.

The 'Ootheca Wolleyana ' has been justly described as a
monumental work, since, as the editor and joint-author
remarks, it is largely a record of ancient friendships. It
may be safely asserted that none but the late editor possessed
the knowledge to nndertcdce or the perseverance to execute
this enormous compendium of oological research. Tlie
whole of the huge AVolley collection of Birds' Eggs had
devolved upon him, and this, in conjunction with his own
accumulations of over half a century, he presented in his
lifetime to the University of Cambridge.

Hitherto w'c have regarded Newton mainly as an ornitho-
logist, but Avc must also consider him in the more extended
domain of Zoology, bearing in mind that he occupied that
chair at Cambridge for a period of forty-one years. From
early days he evinced considerable interest in the anatomy
of vertebrates, and especially in osteology, which he certainly
was very competent to teach.

114

ORIGIXAL MEMBERS.

One of the most distiuguislied of his many pupils says of
him : — '^ As to his lectures^ these^ despite the fact that he
"Nvas to a great extent a s])ecialist in ornithology, covered a
very Avide field, in Avhich, however, the systematic and dis-
tributional aspects of the subject loomed large/^ His paper
(1862) before the Cambridge Philosophical Society, of which
body he was a Vice-President at the time of his death, on
the "Zoology of Ancient Europe," shewed his grasp of
locality ; and indeed he had at all times a most extensive
acquaintance with geography. Moreover, he was very facile
with the pencil, and this helped him materially in demon-
stration. His 'Manual of Zoology ' is said to enjoy a good
reputation, and a second edition was issued in 1894.

In close connexion with his professional duties was his
attention to the Museum of Zoology, another object of
devotion in addition to liis Egg-collection. Dnring the last
forty years the Museum of Zoology at Cambridge has been
greatly expanded, and no one Avorked more assiduously in
his own line than the Professor. Some men are born
collectors, and Newton Avas one of them. He not only
collected himself, but he induced others to collect, so that,
in consequence of his Avorld-wide correspondence, there has
been a constant flow of treasures into the Cambridge
Museum.

But Newton did not confine his attention solely to objects
of Natural History, for he possessed the collector's knack
of acquiring old books, old MSS., old maps, &c., mostly
bearing on his favourite subjects. It seems that in the
ninth edition of the ' EncyclojDsedia Britannica ' there is no
article on Museums, and consequently he prepared a paper
for the special delectation of the "^ Museums Association,"
Avhich Avas duly read at one of their meetings.

There are some amusing incidents narrated in this essay,
and amongst others the fate of the Leverian ^Museum, Avhich
seems to have been refused by the Trustees of the British
Museum wdien offered in 1775. Ultimately, in 1800, the
collection was sold piecemeal, the sale lasting, ott' and on,
for 02 days. As a curiosity, Newton was able to exhibit a

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 115

copy of the sale-catalogue. Another instance may be given,
viz., when Dr. BoAvdler Sharpe was writing the •' History of
the Collection of Birds in the British Museum/ Newton was
able to lend him a copy of the sale-catalogue of Bullock's
Collection, of which only two copies are known. The same
authority also informs us that the naturalists visiting
Cambridge, at the time of the International Ornithological
Congress of 1905, greatly enjoyed an inspection of his
literary curiosities, including his library of rare and choice
ornithological works. These with many other treasures have
been bequeathed to the University of Cambridge.

As the author of an article entitled " The Early Days of
Darwinism '^ (Macmillan's Magazine, 1888), Prof. Newton's
views on the subject of " Organic Evolution " are not without
interest. He is said to have been an early convert, but in
point of fact he was in a condition ready for conversion
some time before the appearance of the ' Origin of Species '
(in the autumn of 1859). Both he and his philosophic
friend, Wolley, had concluded that the idea, then jjrevalent,
of special creations was out of harmony with the facts they
had been observing for many years. Wolley died just about
the time when Darwin's book came out; but Newton at
once perceived that Darwin's explanation went a long way
towards solving his own difficulties, and he simply adopted
the new philosophy, not being in need of conversion. In
the above-mentioned article he has told the story very Avell,
and his narrative of events at Oxford in 1860 provides an
excellent account of that memorable meeting.

His familiar figure will be missed for many a year at Cam-
bridge, for though Newton had ceased to lecture, he continued
to work at his collections, and to exercise that social influence
in his College and in the Unix ersity which so endeared him
to more than one generation of students. On the whole,
he may be considered to have been fortunate in the period
Avherein his lot was cast — a period when increased facilities
for travel w^ere opening out regions hitherto inaccessible to
the explorer and the naturalist. For instance, he lived to
see the veil lilted from such countries as Central Asia and

116 oiiTGiXAL me:mbers.

Central Africa, wliicli were complete blanks in the maps of
l)alf a century ago. Of course_, in this respect, he merely
shared the advantages with others of his contemporaries
who were equally ready to profit by them. Still, it must
be borne in mind that such discoveries and acquisitions
have their limits, and cannot be repeated in the history of
exploration. It is so much to his credit, therefore, that
he made the most of the opportunities thus afforded; and if
we view his character broadly, as a student of nature and
a self-taught man in his early years, as an enthusiastic man
of science in later life, and at all times as a firm friend and
a genial companion, we recognise one who was sui generis
in his day and representative of a type not likely to be
replaced.

This notice must not close without a special allusion to
Professor Newton^s great kindness to students of ornithology
less advanced than himself. Always encouraging and stimu-
lating their efforts, he rendered them every assistance in his
power, and his library was ever at their service. In this
respect alone his death has created a blank Avhich it will
be impossible to fill. — TV. H. Huclleston.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

SIR EDWARD NEWTON.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 11/

Sir EDWARD NEWTON.

Sir Edward Newton -was one of the eight founders wlio
formulated the idea of the Britisli Ornithologists' Union
and ot" ' The Ibis/ and combined to make the original
twenty members, to whieh iinml)er tlie B. O. U. Avas for some
time strictly limited. Edward, the youngest son of William
Newton^ Esq., formerly ]M.P. for Ipswich, Avas born at his
father's seat, Elveden Hall, Norfolk, on the 10th of November,
1832. Very early in life he developed his innate love for
ornithology, ^timulated doubtless by the example and com-
panionship of his elder brother Alfred, and at the age of
twelve years peimed his first published paper on the subject,
Avhich appeared in the ' Zoologist ' for 1845 (p. 1024), shewing
that at that early age he knew his Yarrell, and also his Bewick
and Montagu. Delicate health as a boy necessitated his edu-
cation being conducted chiefly at home, a circumstance most
fortunate for the development of his zoological tastes. Eor
several years after his first essay he continued to contribute
notes to the ' Zoologist,' chiefly on the arrivals of migrants
and on nidifl cation at Elveden and elsewhere, and was
becoming an adept at discovering birds'-nests. This power
he obtained by close observation of the habits of the different
species, and no warrener could surpass him in the wav in
which, by watching the birds, he could find their nests or
make them shew him wh.ere their nests were. This lie did
as a true naturalist, for the love of Avatcliing his favourites
and learning their ways, much more than with the object of
taking their eggs. The writer well remembers, when, in
later years, during a walk with him. Sir Edward suddenly
turned round and stood still. On being asked what was the
matter, he replied, " Do you not see that Stonechat in the
bush ahead ? She has a nest, and we will find it. Do not
face her." He stood sideways for some minutes, but never

118

ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

lost sight of the bird, aiid presently Avalked on straight to
the spot, "where, at once, he shewed the nest with eggs.
He was the best field-naturalist the writer ever knew, as
regards the actions and movements of any bird. It seemed
to be with him a sort o£ instinct.

Newton proceeded in due course to Magdalene College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1857, all the while
extending his knowledge, especially of the inhabitants of
the marshes accessible from Cambridge. The next year he
visited the paternal estates in the West Indies, and Avas in
the island of St. Croix from March 4tli to September 28th,
1858. The results of this visit are recorded in a series of
four admirable papers in 'The Ibis' (vol. i. 1859), written
in conjunction with his brother, Prof. A. Newton, papers
which bespeak the true naturalist in their every line, and
Avhich Ave can only wish were followed by Avriters who seem
to think nothing further is needed than a diagnosis of the
species and its dimensions.

In 1859 NeAvton entered the Colonial Service, being
appointed Assistant Colonial Secretary of Mauritius. The
avifauna of the Mascarene Islands Avas then scarcely known
in Europe, and had remained neglected since the days of
Buflbn. Keen anticipations Avere entertained by his brother
naturalists that Edward Newton, if he might not resuscitate
the Dodo, Avould at least throw some light on its history,
and they Avere not disappointed. His official career was as
follows: — Auditor -General of Mauritius 1863; Colonial
Secretary of Mauritius 1868-77; Lieut. -Governor and
Colonial Secretary of Jamaica 1877-83. He several times
administered the Government both of Mauritius and Jamaica.
He was made C.M.G. in 1875, and K.C.M.G. in 1887. In
1869 he married Mary Louisa Cranstoun, daughter of W. W.
R. Kerr, Esq., Treasurer of Mauritius: she died in 1870.

During his long residence in Mauritius NcAvton made
several distant expeditions. His first was to Round Island,
of which he gave an interesting account in ' The Ibis '
(1861, p. 180). In Sept. 1861 he Avas sent on an official
visit to Kino; Radama of Madagascar to congratulate him on

ORIGIXAL MKMUKRS. 119

his accession, beiug the first Eugiishman to enter Antana-
narivo for many years. The ornithological results of this
expedition Avere recorded in ' The Ibis ' for 1862, pp. 94 &
265. In the autumn of the following year (1863) he paid
a second visit to Madagascar, not officially, but solely for
the purpose of ornithology, of which the history will be
found in ' The Ibis/ 1863, pp. 333 et seqq., 452 et seqq.
In Nov. 1864 he made an expedition to Rodriguez, which
yielded rich results, as recorded by him in '^The Ibis^ (1865,
p. 146), "Reports" of the British Association (1865, p. 92),
and 'Philosophical Transactions^ (Transit volume, 1869).
In the spring of 1867 he visited the Seychelles, where he
discovered a number of new and unsuspected species, which
he described in P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 344, 821, and 'The Ibis,''
1867, pp. S35 et seqq. Though he never had an opportunity
of visiting Anjuan or any of the Comoros, yet he contributed
largely to our knowledge of their avifaunas by inducing
Mr. Bewsher to visit them and collect. His notes on them
will be found in P. Z. S. 1877, p. 295.

To summarize his work, while officially resident in jNIauri-
tius, not fewer than 27 new species of living birds were
brought to our knowledge by him from the Mascarene
Islands, Madagascar, and the Comoros; but he Avas wholly
indifferent as to who described them, so long as this was
properly done. No less than 10 of these were from the
Seychelles. Fifteen of his discoveries were named by his
brother, by Dr. Hartlaub, and others. In his Presidential
Address to the Norfolk Naturalists' Society (1888J, Sir
Edward gave an admirable popular summary of the avifauna
of the Mascareues, with picturesque descriptions of extinct
species, so far as they can be ascertained, and vivid sketches of
the physical character of the islands. The address is replete
with warnings that like causes are bringing about, though
in a slower degree, like results in our own island, and he
points out how the danger may possibly be averted. It is
much to be regretted that this address has not been repub-
lished in some more permanent form.

In Jamaica his official duties were incessant and harassing.

120 OUKilXAL MEM151;KS.

Avliile his licalth, already severely tried in Mauritius, began
to be seriously nfl'ected by the climate. He had little or no
time for researches, and could but rarely leave his post.
Nevertheless he did what lie could. He made an almost
■complete collection of the birds of the island, and the " Jjist
of the Birds of Jamaica/' iniblished in the ' Handbook of
Jamaica,' 1881^ p. 103^ adds not a little to the standard work
of Gosse.

NeAvton^s investigations of the extinct fauna of the Masca-
renes claim special notice. It is not easy to state precisely
what we owe him in the way of discovery of extinct species.
To his care and encouragement v.'as largely owing the success
of Mr. Clarke in the original researches in the Mare aux
Songes, where the great find of Dodo-remains Avas effected.
There are several species from Rodriguez described by
]Milue-Edwards, and again by Newton and Dr. Giinther in
the Transit volume of the Phil. Trans., and by Newton and
Gadow in an article on the remains discovered in Mauritius
by Sauzier (Trans. Z. S. xiii. p. 281, 1893). Newton was
certainly the first to recognise among the bones from^ the
Mare aux Songes those of Aphanaptenj^r, which he instantly
referred to the bird just previously described by Frauenfeld
from the old Vienna picture.

For the last five years Sir Edward's health was perceptibly
declining. Yet, though always more or less of an invalid,
liis interest in the pursuits of his more vigorous days never
flagged, as witness the paper last referred to. The unselfish
modesty which marked all his natural-history work was equally
conspicuous in his daily life. His whole nature was the very
•opposite of self-asserting. There was a delightful charm in
the simplicity and genuineness of the man, which won the
hearts of all who knew him well ; and looking back on a
friendship of forty years, the writer can but feel it to have
been a high privilege to have known one in whose character
Avcre blended all the qualities that go to make the careful,
truthful naturalist, and the refined Christian gentleman.
He died at Lowestoft on April 25th, 1897.

Ibis. Jub.SuppI.,1908.

SIR J. W. POWLHTT-ORDE.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 121

Sir J. W. POWLETT CAMPBELL-ORDE.

Sir Jolin William Powlett Campbell-Orde, of North Uist
and Kilmory, Bart., was bom in 1827 and was one of the
twenty Founders and original Members of the British
Ornithologists' Union, of whom four only now remain on
the list. He joined the 42nd Ptoyal Highlanders from Eton
in 1846. The regiment, consisting then of two battalions,
"was stationed in Bermuda. There was at that time in the
regiment a little band of zealous naturalists, and every
branch of natural history had its votaries. Our first
President, Colonel H. M. Drummond-Hay, and Lieut.-
Colonel Wedderburn were the chief ornithologists ; and
young Orde, already a keen sportsman, was soon inspired
by them with an ardent love for bird-life. He was a careful
observer of the habits of birds, and collected diligently,
wherever his regiment happened to be stationed, at home
and abroad. As will be seen from our General Subject-
Jjidex, he wrote many letters on ornithological subjects to
' The Ibis.' He retired from the army on his marriage,
after ten years' service. On succeeding to his father's title
and estates in Argyllshire and Uist, Orde quickly made
himself thoroughly well acquainted with public matters, and
filled many offices connected with county business. He was
Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Argyllshire
and Inverness-shire. Not forgetting ornithology, Sir John
paid special attention to the protection of the rarer species
of birds in North Uist, and continued up to the time of his
death to add to his collection. The gem of this he con-
sidered to be a fine male example of FuUgula rufina, obtained
in Argyllshire, which is believed to be the only recorded
Scottish specimen. While spending a few days at Kilmory,
the writer of this notice Avas much interested in looking over
Sir John's notes, especially those on the birds which he had
observed in Nova Scotia. He died at his residence, Kilmory
House, on the 13tli of October, 1897.

SER. IX. VOL. II.j JUB.-SUPPL.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908,

LORD LILFORD.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 123

LORD LILFORD.

Thomas Lyttlcton Powys, fourth Baron Lilford, born
18th Marcli, 1833, Avas the son of the third peer by the
Hon. Mary EHzabeth Fox, daughter of the third Lord
Holland. Even when at Harrow he had begun to con-
tribute to the ' Zoologist/ and he continued to do so while
at Christ Church, Oxford, as well as during his vacations ;
while it is hardly necessary to say that his subsequent
letters and articles in that and other periodicals only ceased
with his life. He was for many years President of the
British Ornithologists' Uniou, and an original member of
the brotherhood formed in November 1858. His first com-
munication to 'The Ibis' was in 1860, on the birds observed
in the Ionian Islands and on the coast of Albania, &c., in
the years 1857 and 1858 : a very breezy, pleasant series of
articles, with just the flavour of sport about the natural
history that a new publication wanted. To these succeeded
— in 1865 and 1866 — some charming notes on Spain, which
he had visited in 1856 and again in 1864. Lord Lilford
was so delighted with the country that he not only returned
in 1869, but devoted himself to working up the ornithology
of the southern portion ; and that he did not write about
his experiences in the marismas of the Guadalquivir was
probably due to his deUcate aversion for anything like
trespassing upon the ground worked by others. His liking
for everything Spanish led him to learn that language ; but
his natural aptitude for such study must have been con-
siderable, for in 1869, when the writer had the pleasure of
making his personal acquaintance in Seville, he spoke
Castilian admirably, and also its dialects, with a raciness
acquired by few Englishmen. In 1873 and 1874, Lord
Lilford — already somewhat crippled by the rheumatic
gout, to which he had long been subject, and to which he

k2

124 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

subsequently became a martyr — visited the Italian shores of
the jNIediterranean in the yacht ' Zara ' ; and on that excursion
lie rediscovered that rare Gull Lams audoumi, of which no
one had seen a fresh specimen for many a year. In 1875
portions of Cyprus were visited, as will be mentioned here-
after. In the same yacht, in the spring of 1876, he went to
Santander and the neighbouring parts of North-western
Spain ; but it fell to the lot of his friend, Lt.-Col. Irby,
to give an account of the avifauna of this district (' Ibis,'
1883, p. 173). In the early part of 1882 the Mediterranean
again attracted his attention, and another haunt of Audouin's
Gull was explored — not to mention a previous discovery of
it on an islet Avhicli was not named in print, though an
open seci'et for the discreet. But these voyages had to be
abandoned at last, and the personal exploration of Cyprus
was reserved for Dr. Guillemard and others, though Lord
Lilford contributed to the expedition with his wonted
liberality and wrote a list of the birds of that island.
Henceforward he devoted himself to work at home : his
magnificent aviaries, where birds could be observed in a
state of freedom only second to that of nature ; his natural-
history correspondence ; his ' Birds of Northamptonshire ' ;
and his ' Coloured Figures of the Birds of the British
Islands.' Always an ardent sportsman. Lord Lilford took
an active part in hawking as long as he could ; he con-
structed a decoy in the valley of the Nene, and even at the
last, when confined to a bath-chair, he attended a meet of
the otter-hounds in his neighbourhood. Although he had
been ailing, the end came unexpectedly on June 17th, 1896,
with a sudden attack of syncope, and on the 20th he was
buried at Achurch, near Lilford Hall, amid widespread and
general mourning.

It is impossible to specify Lord Lilford^s acts of liberality
with regard to this Journal. Whenever mone}^ was wanted
for an illustration, or the balance in hand was low, he only
required an intimation. This generosity was by no means
confined to ' The Ibis ' and kindred works on science ; the
Zoological Society's Gardens Avere constantly enriched by

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 125

his gifts ; aud we have heard it stated that his anonymous
benefactions were more than double those with which his
name M'as associated. To liis intimate knowledge of wild
animals and their ways he added an excellent judgment, and
few were better qualified to hold the balance between the
sportsman on the one side and the well-meaning, but often
impractical, lover of birds on tlie other. A good spoi'tsman,
a thorough naturalist, and a genial companion, his death
was a general loss to the ornithological world.

The following is a list of Lord Lilford's principal publi-
cations on ornithology : —

Notes oil Birds observed in the Ionian Islands, and the Provinces of

Albania proper, Epirns, Acarnania, and Montenegro. Ibis, 18G0,

p. 1, p. 133, p. 228, and p. 338.
On the Extinction in Europe of the Common Erancolin {Francolinus

vulgaris, Steph.). Ibis, 18G2, p, .352.
Notes on the Ornithology of Spain. Ibis, 1865, p. 166 ; 1866, p. 173 and

p. 377.
Letter on the Occurrence of Calandrclla rehoudin [C. hcetica, Dresser]

and Nmnenius hudsoniats in Spain. Ibis, 1873, p. 98.
Cruise of the 'Zara,' R.Y.S., in the Mediterranean. Ibis, 1875, p. 1.
Exhibition of some specimens of Hybrid Pheasants. P. Z. S. 1880,

p. 421.
On the Breeding of tlie Flamingo in Southern Spain. P. Z. S. 1880,

p. 446.
Letter on a probably new locality for Lams audouini. Ibis, 1880, p. 480.
Notes on the Birds of Northamptonshire. Journ. Northampt. Nat. Hist.

Soc. i. (1880-83).
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skin of Emberiza rustica. P. Z. S.

1882, p. 721.
Notes on the Birds of Seville. Ibis, 1883, p. 233.
liare Birds in Andalucia. Ibis, 1884, p. 124.
Notes on Mediterranean Ornithology. Ibis, 1887, p. 261.
Exhibition of a specimen of Aqnila rapax from Southern Spain. P. Z. S.

1888, p. 248.
Pallas's Sand-Grouse in Spain. Zoologist, 1888, p. .301.
Notes on Raptorial Birds in the Lilford Aviaries. Trans. Norfolk «fc

Norw. Nat. Soc. iv. p. 564 (1888).
A List of the Birds of Cyprus. Ibis, 1889, p. 305.
A Large Race of the Great Grey Shrike. Zoologist, 1800, p. 108.
Notes on Birds in the Lilford Aviaries. Trans. Norfolk & Norw. Nat.

Soc. V. p. 128 (1801).

126 ORlCxIXAL MEMBERS.

I^etter on the Nestiui^-h abits of tlie Bustard-Quail {Turnix nicji-koUis).

Ibis, 1892, p. 467.
Variety of Grus ciuerea in Spain. Zoologist, 1892, p. 2()0.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skin ot" a Duck believed to be a

Hybrid between the Mallard {Anus bu.scJias) and the Teal {Qucr-

quedula crecca). P. Z. S. 1895, p. 2.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of the American AVigeon

{Mareca americana). P. Z. S. 1895, p. 273.
Brlinnich's Guillemot in Cambridgeshire. Zoologist, 1895, p. 109.
i^^otes on the Birds of Northamptonshire and Neighbourhood. Illustrated

by Messrs. A. Thorburn & G. E. Lodge and a Map. Iloyal 8vo.

London, 1895.
Coloured Figures of the Birds of the British Islands. Parts i.-xxxii.

Royal 8vo. London, 1885-96.

Ibis.Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. OSBERT SALVIN.

ORIGINAL JIEMBEKS. 1.27

Mr. OSBERT SALVIN.

Osbert Salviu^ at the time of liis death the Secretary of
the British Ornithologists' Union, died at his residence,
Hawksfold, in Sussex, on the 1st of June, 1898.

He was the second son of the well-known architect
Mr. Anthony Salvin, of Hawksfold, near Haslemere, in
Sussex. Born in 1835, Salvin was educated at Westminster
and afterAvards at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he
graduated as Senior Optime in the Mathematical Tripos of
1857. Shortly after taking his degree, he went, in company
with Mr. W. Hudleston Simpson (now Hudleston), to
Northern Africa, to join the Rev. H. B. Tristram, in studying
the natural history of Tunisia and Eastern Algeria. An
account of tliis Expedition appeared in the first volume of
'The Ibis' (1859), under the title of "Five Months' Birds'-
nesting in the Eastern Atlas." It is hardly necessary to say
tliat Salvin was one of the original Members of the British
Ornithologists' Union, and in fact the very first paper
published in ' The Ibis ' was written by him in conjunction
with Sclater. The subject was the " Ornithology of Central
America," Salvin having made the first of several visits to
Guatemala in 1857, the second being in 1859. The number
of his contributions to ' The Ibis ' may be judged from the
fact that they extend over more than two columns in the
General Subject-Index. In 1861 Salvin returned again to
Guatemala in company Avith his life-long friend Mr. P. D.
Godman. It was during this journej'- that the 'Biologia
Centrali- Americana * was planned by the two friends, and
although Salvin did not live to see the publication com-
pleted, the co-editorship of that monumental work was his
pre-occupation for the rest of his life. Salvin remained in
Guatemala for two years, returning there again in 1873 for
one year.

128 OIUGIXAL MEMBKUS.

In 1871 Salvin undertook tlie editorship of the third series
of 'The Ibis/ and^ in co-operation Avith Sclater^ concluded
the fourth series in 1882. Meanwhile he had been appointed
to the Strickland Cnratorship in the University of Cambridge,
and had produced his well-known Catalogue of tlie Strickland
Collection. Salvin Avas an excellent, indeed we may truly say
almost unrivalled, " all round " ornithologist; but his strongest
subject was, perhaps, the Avifauna of the Neotropical region,
and his special groups the families Trochilidee and Procel-
lariidee, which Avere assigned to him as the acknowledged
authority in the ' Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum'
(vols. xvi. and xxv.). Almost his last piece of work was the
completion of the late Lord Lilford's ' Coloured Figures of
British Birds. ^ Salvin Avas a Fellow of the Hoyal, the
Linnean, the Zoological, and the Entomological Societies,
and serA^ed on their Councils, while his services for many
years to the B. O. U., as Editor and afterwards as Treasurer,
are known to all of us. He was elected an Honorary Fellow
of his College, Trinity Hall, in 1897. With a character of
remarkable straightforwardness and common sense he com-
bined an excellent judgment; Avliile he was personally much
beloved, so that his loss was deeply and sincerely felt, as
Avell on account of his qualities as by reason of difficulties
experienced in arranging for the continuation of the manv
duties Avhich he performed up to the moment of his de])arture
from us.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

V.

^V

Dr. p. L. SCLATRR.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 129

Dk. p. L. SCLATER.^

Philip Liitley Sclater A\as born, in November 18.29, at
Tangier Park, in Hampshire, then the residence of his
father, Mr. William Lntley Sclater, J. P. : but his boyhood
was passed at Hoddington House, another estate in the same
county, also belonging to his father, to which the family
moved in the month of September 1833.

In beantiful Hampshire, not far from the old home of
Gilbert White of Selborne, Sclater acquired, at an early
age, a love for outdoor life and exercise and a special taste
for the study of birds. At the age of ten he was sent to a
well-known school at Twyford, near Vv'inchester. In 1842,
having reached the top of the school, he was transferred to
Winchester College, and in 1815 Avas elected Scholar of
Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Being at that time under
sixteen years of age, he was not called into residence at the
University until Easter, 1846. At Oxford his attention was
given principally to mathematics, though his spare time was
occupied b}'' the study of birds, and of the excellent series of
natural-history books then in the Radcliffe Library.

Hugh E. Strickland, the Avell-known ornithologist, who
was at that time resident in Oxford as Reader in Geology,
became interested in young Sclater, and took him under
his patronage. At Strickland's house in Oxford he met
John Gould, shortly after his return from his great journey
to Australia. From Strickland he received his first instruc-
tion in scientific ornithology. He began his collection of
bird-skins at Oxford, making British skins for himself, and

* [This article is au abridgment (with slight corrections and addi-
tions) of the late Dr. G. Brown Goode's * Biographical Sketch,' which
forms part of the Introduction to his 'List of the Published Writings of
Philip Lutley Sclater ' contained in the ' Bulletin of the United States
National Museum,' Xo. 49. Washington, 1896;]

130

oiuGiXAL :\ie>ibi:ks.

buying foreign specimens at a shilling apiece whenever he
could get to London for a run among the IjircZ-shops.

In December 18-19, he took the degree of Bachelor of
Arts, obtaining a first class in the mathematical school and
a *^pass " in classics. At that time these were the only two
recognised subjects for study in the University, no sort of
encouragement being given to Natural Science. After
taking Ids degree Sclater remained at his college in Oxford
for two years, devoting his time principally to Natural
History, and proceeded to the M.A. degree. He also gave
much attention to modern languages, studying them with
masters at home and always visiting the Continent in vacation-
time, and thus soon made himself familiar with French,
German, and Italian.

At this period of his life he Avas often in Paris, studying
at the National Museum in the Jardin des Plantes. Here
he made the acquaintance of the great ornithologist. Prince
Charles Bonaparte, at whose house, in the Rue de Lille,
until the death of the Prince in 1858, he was a frequent
visitor. In 1851 he entered himself for the Bar, becoming
a student at Lincoln^s Inn and living in chambers at
49 Pall Mall, but occasionally visiting Oxford, and passing
his leisure time at Hoddington, always enthusiastically
engaged in natural history. The winter of 185.2-53 was
devoted to travel in Italy and Sicily.

In December 1855, Sclater was admitted Fellow of Corpus
Christi College, Oxford, and, having in the previous June
completed his legal education and been called to the Bar
by the Honourable Society of Lincoln^s Inn, he went the
Western Circuit and continued to do so for several
years.

In 1856 he made his first journey across the Atlantic, in
company with the Rev. George Hext, a fellow-collegian.
Leaving England in July, they went by New York up the
Hudson to Saratoga, and there attended the Meeting of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science.
After that they went to Niagara, and thence through the
Great Lakes to Superior City, at the extreme end of Lake

ORIGINAL .MEMBERS.

131

Superior. Here they engaged two Canadian " voyageurs/'
and travelled on foot through the backwoods to the upper
waters of the St. Croix River. This they descended in a
birch-bark canoe to the Mississippi. Sclater subsequently
published an account of this journey in the third volume
of 'Illustrated Travels.' Returning by steamboat and
railway to Philadelphia, he spent a month studying the
splendid collection of birds belonging to the Academy of
Natural Sciences in that city, where he formed the acquaint-
ance of John Cassin, Joseph Leidy, John Le Conte, and other
then well-known members of that Society. He returned to
England shortly before Christmas 1856. For some years
after this he lived in London, practising occasionally at the
bar, but always at Avork on natural history. He was a
constant attendant at the meetings of the Zoological Society
of London, of which he was elected a Fellow in 1850, and
in 1857 became a Member of the Council. In 1858, as is
stated in the ' Short History ot: the B. 0. U.,' he took a
prominent share in founding ' The Ibis/ and became its
first Editor.

In January 1859, Sclater made a short excursion to Tunis
and Eastern Algeria, in company with his great friend, E. C.
Taylor. They visited the breeding-places of the Vultures
and Kites in the interior, and gathered many bird-skins,
returning to London at the end of March.

At this time Mr. D. W. Mitchell, Secretary of the Zoo-
logical Society,'was about to vacate his post, in order to take
charge of the newly instituted Jardin d'Acclimatation in
Paris. For his successor Sclater was selected by Owen and
Yarrell, then influential members of the Council, and was
unanimously elected at the Anniversary Meeting on April
30th, 1859.

He found it necessary to devote himself entirely for
several years to the reorganization of the affairs of the
Society. The ' Proceedings ' and ' Transactions ' Avere at
that time several years in arrear — they were brought up
to date ; the ' Garden Guide,' which was out of print, was
re-written : the large staff at the Gardens was re-arranged

132 ORIGINAL MEMBEKS.

and divided into departments under tlie Sijpevintendentj and
various other reforms were introduced.

In 1874, when his brother (then the Kight Hon. George
Sclater-Booth, M.P., and after-^ards Lord Basing) accepted
office in Mr. Disraeli's administration as President of the
Local Government Board, Mr. Sclater became his private
secretary^ a position Avhich he occu])ied for two years. But
when subsequently offered a permanent place in the Civil
Service he declined it, because he could not make up his
mind to give up his dearly loved work in natural history.
His most engrossing duties have been in connexion with
the Zoological Society of London, to which, as principal
executive Officer, he has, of course, devoted most of his
time. It is conceded by all that its affairs prospered
well under his direction. The number of Fellows of the
Society, about 1700 in 1859, increased to over 3000. The
income of the Society, which in 1858 was a little over
.£14,000, rose to £30,000. Besides this, nearly all of the
principal buildings in the Society^s Gardens were rebuilt
and fitted up with every sort of modern conveniences for
animals. The old Office-building (No. 11 Hanover Square)
was sold, and was replaced by a much larger and more
convenient house (No. 3 Hanover Square) in the same
vicinity. A debt of £12,000 was paid off, and the house
became the freehold property of the Society without any
sort of incumbrance. The first floor of the Society^s house
is devoted to the accommodation of a large and very valuable
zoological library, under the care of a Librarian and his
assistant, and is the constant resort of the working zoologists
of the metropolis. This library had been almost entireh'
accumulated since 1859.

The publications of the Society, consisting of ' Pro-
ceedings,'' ' Transactions, ' ' Lists of Animals ' (of which
eight editions have been published), the ' Garden Guide,'
and the ' Zoological Record,' are all issued from this office,
Avith almost unfailing regularity. The Scientific Meetings of
the Society are held here during the eight months oi: the
Scientific Session, and an abstract of their proceedings is

OllIGIXAL MEMBERS. 133

always printed and issued a week after each meeting has
taken place ^.

Sclater, as already mentioned_, was selected by the British
Ornithologists' Union as the first editor of its journal,
' The Ibis/ in 1859. He finished the first series in 1864.
Professor Newton took his place as editor of the second
series^ and Osbert Salvin as editor of the third. In
1877 Sclater was associated with Salvin as editor of the
fourth series, and in 1883 commenced the editorship of the
fifth scries with Howard Saunders as co-editor. When the
fifth series was completed, in 1888, be became sole editor of
the sixth, Avhich he finished in 1894. In 1895, having again
obtained the assistance of Howard Saunders, he commenced
work on the seventh series, and finished it in 1900. Taking
A. H. Evans as co-editor he completed the eighth series in
1906, and is now engaged, along with the same able partner,
in editing the ninth series of tiiat journal.

When the British Ornithologists' Club was established in
1892, he joined heartily in the movement inaugurated by

* Wheu Sclater tendered the resignation of his OfHce in Oct. 1902,
the following Resolution was passed by the Council and entered upon
their Minutes : —

" The President, Vice-Presidents, and Council of the Zoological Society
desire to record their sincere regret at the retirement of their Secretary,
Dr. Philip Lutley Sclater, after a service of over forty-three years.

"They wish to tender him their hearty thanks for his most valuable
services to the Society during this long period, not only in the manage-
ment of the Zoological Gardens, but also in the conduct of the publica-
tions of the Society, and in the general direction of its affixirs.

" These affairs have prospered to a remarkable degree during his lono-
term of Office. The income of the Society has doubled ; the Member-
ship has increased from 1,500 to 3,200 ; and the Society's Library has
been entirely created.

'' Dr. Sclater's own work as a Zoologist is held in universal repute,
and it is no exaggeration to say that the very high position occupied at
the present day by the Zoological Society of London in the world of
science is largely due to the exertions and the personal character of its
retiring Secretary."

BEDFORD,

President.

134 OltlGIXAL ME.MBEKS. |

Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpc, and has usually had the lionour of
occupyiuii" the cliair at its meetings and of delivering an
inaugural address at the commencement of each session.

With the British Association for the Advancement of
Science Sclater has had a long connexion, having become a
member in 1 847, at the second Oxford meeting_, and having
attended its meetings with few exceptions for many years.
For several years he w^as Secretary of Section D, and at the
Bristol meeting in 1875 he was President of that Section
and delivered an address " On the present state of our
Knowledge of Geographical Zoology." In 187G he was
elected one of the two General Secretaries of the Association,
together with Sir Douglas Galton, and served in that capacity
for five years, thereby becoming an ex officio member of the
Council, at the meetings of which he is still a constant
attendant.

In 1886 Sclater began the transfer of his private collection
of American bird-skins to the British Museum. This col-
lection contained 8824 specimens, representing 3158 species,
belonging to the Orders Passeres, Picarise, and Psittaci. It
may be remarked that when he began his collection at
Oxford in 1847 he intended to collect birds of every kind and
from all parts of the world, but after a few years he resolved
to confine his attention particularly to the Ornithology of
South and Central America, and to collect specimens only
in the Orders above mentioned, which were at that time
generally less known than the others and of which the
specimens are of a more manageable size for the private
collector.

At the time of the beginning of this transfer, which was
only completed in 1890, Sclater agreed to prepare some of
the volumes of the British Museum ' Catalogue of Birds/
relating to the groups to which he had paid special attention.
In accordance with this arrangement, by the expenditure of
fully two years of his leisure time on each volume, he pre-
pared the eleventh volume in 1886, the fourteenth in 1888,
the fifteenth in 1890, and half of the nineteenth in 1891.
When the ' Challenger ' Expedition started to go round

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 135

the world in 1873^ at the request of his frieiid, the late Sir
Wyville Thomson, he agreed to A^ork out all the birds.
Soon after the return of the expedition in 1877 the speci-
mens of the birds collected were placed in his hands, and
with the assistance of his ornithological friends were speedily
reported upon in a series of papers contributed to the
Zoological Society's ' Proceedings.' The whole of these
papers Avere reprinted with additions and illustrations, and
now form part of the second volume of the " Zoology '' of
the ' Challenger ' Expedition.

Geography, being very closely connected with zoology,
has always commanded Sclater's hearty interest. He became
a life-member of the Royal Geographical Society in 1880,
and has attended its meetings regularh^ ever since. Pie has.
also served two years on the Council, and is a member of the
Geographical Club. He has assisted in promoting manv
researches in foreign pai'ts, chiefly, however, with a view to
obtaining collections in natural history from strange places^
Among these may be especially mentioned Sir H, H.
Johnston's expedition to Kilima-njaro in 1884 and Professor
Balfour's visit to Socotra in 1880. He also took a leading-
part in sending out naturalists to Kerguelen Land and
Rodriguez, along with the Transit-of-Venus Expeditions of
1874-75, and in many other similar efforts to explore little-
kuoAvn parts of the earth's surface.

In 1884 he took advantage of the opportunity of the visit
of the British Association to Montreal to cross the Atlantic
a second time, and after the meeting to visit the United
States. He was not in good health at that period, and did
little, if anything, in the way of zoology. But he had the
pleasure of seeing several of his former friends, especially
Lawrence and Baird, and of making the personal acquain-
tance of INIr. Ridgway, Mr. Allen, Mr. Brewster, Dr. INIerriam,
and many other naturalists.

One of his closest friends was the late Professor Huxlev,
long a member of the Council of the Zoological Society,
where he was one of Sclater's most constant supporters.
Professor Huxley, it may be said, was the chief advocate of

136 OKKUXAL MEMBERS.

the project of eiuploying au anatomist at the Society's
Gardens, and invented the title "Prosector^' for the new
office. A. H. Garrod, wlio became Prosector in 1871, and
W. A. Forbes, who succeeded him in 1879 — both very
talented and promising young naturalists, — were dear friends
of Sclater, and the unfortunate death of Forbes during an
excursion to the Niger in 1883 Avas a most severe blow to
ihim. Notable among his other friends was Charles Darwin,
who frequently visited him in his office, bringing long lists
of memoranda for conference.

Mr. Sclater married in 1862 Jane Anne Eliza Hunter
Blair, daughter of the late Sir David Hunter Blair, Baronet,
of Blairquhan, in Ayrshire. He has had six children, of
whom four are still living. One of them (William Lutley
:Sclater) is a Member of our Union and well known to us.

Sclater received the honorary degree of Doctor of Philo-
sophy from the University of Bonn in 1860, and was made
a Doctor of Science by the University of Oxford in 1901.
He was elected a Fellow of the Boyal Society in 1861, and
has twice served on the Council. Besides the Societies
already mentioned, he is also a Life-Fellow of the Linnean,
Geographical, and Geological Societies, and a Corresponding
or Honorary Member of upwards of forty other Scientific
Societies at home and abroad. Besides the works already
alluded to, he has published the ' Book of Antelopes,' in four
quarto volumes (in conjunction with Mr. Oldfield Thomas),
"^ Exotic Ornithology ' (in conjunction with the late Osbert
Salvin), 'Argentine Ornithology/ and many other works.
A complete list of these and of the papers which he has
written in the ' Proceedings ' and ' Journals ' of various
Learned Societies and in other periodicals will be found in
No. 49 of the 'Bulletin of the United States National
Museum/ from which the present memoir is mainly taken.
In 1896 his publications were 1239 in number^ but a few
more have since been added to the list.

Since he resigned the Secretaryship of the Zoological
Society in 1903 (after forty-three years' tenure of that
important post), Sclater has resided entirely at his house in

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 137

Hampshire (Odiliam Priory), hut is within easy reaeh of
Loudon, and is still a constant visitor to the Zoological
Society's Lihrary in Hanover Square and the great collection
o£ birds at South Kensington. In North Hants he is widely
known as an active J. P. and a frequent rider with the
Hampshire Hunt, of which he is one oE the oldest
members.

SER. IX. — VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. A. F. SEALY.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 139

Mr. a. F. SEALY.

Alfred Forljes Sealy^ the son of Benjamin Dowden Seal v.
JMajor-General H.E.I.C. Service, was born at Clevedale, near
Bristol, on October 25th, 1831. He was educated for five
years under the Rev. G. Despard, of Redland, Clifton, and
subsequently at Clapham under the Rev. C. Pritchard. On
April 10th, 1850, he was admitted as a Pensioner at Gonville
and Caius College, Cambridge, where he proceeded to the
degree of B.A. in 1854< and that of M.A. in 1857. Having
secured a place, as a Junior Optime, in the Mathematical
Tripos, he obtained a second class in the Natural Science
Tripos, and followed this up by devoting much of his time
to Ornithology and Entomology, forming considerable
collections in both branches of Science.

For some time he continued to reside at 70 Trumpington
Street, Cambridge, and then left for the East, to become
Principal of the Rajah^s High School at Ernacullum in
South India. Meanwhile his acquaintance with the Ornitho-
logists of the University and elsewhere, and especially with
Professor (then Mr. Alfred) Newton, led to his becoming
one of the Founders of the British Ornithologists' Union,
though his departure from England prevented him from
taking any active part in its subsequent proceedings. He
was, moreover, a Fellow of the Entomological Society. His
collection of Birds' Eggs was presented to the University
Museum of Zoology at Cambridge. In later life he was
appointed Director of Public Instruction for South India
and was elected a Fellow of Madras University. He died
at Cochin on October 29th, 1894.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl., 1908,

MR. W. H. SIMPSON.

ORIGINAL MEJIBERS. 1-11

Mr. W. H. HUDLESTON.

Previous to April 1867 Hudleston was known as Wilfrid
Hudleston Simpson, and it Avas whilst bearing this name
that most of his ornithological work was done. He was
born at York on the 2nd June, 1828, and sjient the years
from 1838 to 184.3 at the Collegiate School in that city, now
St. Peter^s School. Those Avere the days before scientific
farming had reduced our fences, and there was a fine field
for that mischievous imp, the bird^s-nester, especially in the
direction of Bootham Stray and the north-west side of the city
generally. In some years the Lesser Redpoll and the Green
Linnet bred abundantly in such fences, and their nests,
together with those of Whiteihroats, Willow-Wrens, &c.,
constituted part of the spoils of the Collegiate boys in their
half-holiday excursions.

In 18-13 young Simpson went to Uppingham School, being
then 15 years of age. Here, for three successive seasons,
he indulged in his favourite pursuit in a locality which at
that time was certainly favourable to ornithological rambles.
Kites had only just disappeared from those large w^oods which
were i^emnants of the old forest of Rockingham, but some of
the local eggs were still preserved in Bell's collection. The
subject of our memoir shares Avith many an Uppingham bov
of more recent years pleasant memories of Wardley Wood,
Bisbrooke Gorse, Stoke End, Burgess's Pond, and other
famous localities in the vicinity of the little Rutland town,
which have been made classical by Mr. Haines in his ' Notes
on the Birds of Rutland.^

The scene now shifts to Cambridge, when the glories of
Fenland were already in a transition state. The seasons of
1847, 1848, and 1849 are those with which we have to
deal. Simpson spent no small part of his time during the
spring months in fen localities, and the area of his operations
extended from Whittlesey JMcre, on the west, to the fens of

142 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

the Little Ouse^ on the borders of Norfolk and Suflblk,
this, of course, during the interludes of University studies.
He was just in time to find some of the Harriers breeding,
and notably Montagues Harrier, which then nested regularly
in Feltwell Yen in company with the Short-eared Owl.

From a purely natural-history point of view, there could
be no greater calamity than the draining of Whittlesey Mere,
and it may also be questioned if there has been any great
economic advantage in destroying such an area of flood and
fen, teeming with everything that could interest the sports-
man and the naturalist, simply for the sake of growing oats
at 16s. a quarter, and other grain at corresponding prices.

However, the lake was drained in the summer of 1850,
about the same time that the Great Northern Railroad
Company, with much difficulty, carried their line through
the vast area of peat Avhich, for many miles, surrounded
it. Simpson was a witness of all these operations, and
furthermore he had to deplore the loss of his boat, which
was rendered useless owing to the draining of the lake.

The year 1848 Avas in many ways a memorable one. It
was in that year that Simpson first made the acquaintance
of Alfred Newton, Avho had just come up as an under-
graduate to Magdalene College, Cambridge. The similarity
of their tastes soon made them firm friends, though Newton
did not then accompany Simpson in any of his excur-
sions. His principal comrade at this time was a brother
Johnian named James E. Law, who had shared in his birds'-
nesting experiences at Uppingham, and who ultimately
married his eldest sister. When the May term was over,
these two naturalists, reinforced by two other Johnians,
conceived the idea of going by sea from London to
Newcastle. From this town Simpson and Law made
a short tour in Northumberland, the programme in-
eluding a complete day at the Fame Islands on the 15th
of June. Permission was obtained from the authorities
on the spot, and the adventurers were rewarded with a fine
series of eggs, running into hundreds. Sandwich Terns
were particularly plentiful in those days, but the eggs of the

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. l43

few Roseate Terns visible were only doubtfully identified.
The same party had a delightful day on Cheviot a little
later, when they found that the Merlin and Dunlin had
already hatched oflF; but a complete clutch of the Golden
Plover was secured from the flat and hassocky summit of
the mountain. On the 7th July following, Simpson, who
was then visiting his relations in Cumberland, secured a
nest of the Dotterel, with its complement of three eggs,
on the summit of Robinson Fell near Buttermere.

Simpson took his B.A. degree in January 1850, and
forthwith went to reside in London, where he was called to
the Bar in 1853. Those years were not prolific in ornitho-
logical pursuits, although during a short fishing-trip to the
north-west of Ireland, in May 1853, he and his old College
chum James Law had the good fortune to secure nests of
the Sea-Eagle and Peregrine Falcon from the 0110*8 of Horn
Head in Donegal. The Sea-Eagle was fairly numerous in
those days, and anyone specially bent on nesting might
possiblyhave secured several eggs. There was one remark-
able nest on a high pinnacle, or stack, detached from the
cliffs of Arran More Islands, Avhere the bird could be seen
sitting on eggs which must have been laid on the very point
of the stack. Under the old conditions this might be
regarded as an inaccessible spot, but nothing would be easier
than firing at such a tempting object with a long-range ride,
and many is the bird within the last fifty years that has
fallen a victim to this detestable practice. The Sea-Eagle is
probably now extinct on the coasts of Ireland.

After a lull of something like five years, part of which
had been occupied in foreign travel, Simpson again took
up ornithology seriously in the spring of 1855, and this time
at the instance of Alfred Newton, with whom he had remained
in constant touch ever since their first meeting at Cambridge
in 1848. The exploits of John Wolley in Lapland were then
fresh in the minds of the ornithological world, and the pros-
pect of sharing in such adventures was too tempting to be
neglected. Newton, from his energy and devotion to orni-
thology, was already establishing a position of influence

l44 ouKJjxAL mi:.mbi;ks.

amongst his brethren^ and consequently no one was more
capable of organising a successful expedition than himself.
The two comrades started from Hull late in May, aud^ owing
to most unseasonable weather, missed the steamer con-
nexion along the Norwegian coast, and so Avere taken on to
Christiania, whence they proceeded overland in a great hurry
to Trondhjem, only just in time to catch the coasting-steamer
that was to take them on to Hammerfest. Mr. Simpson
never regrets the incident, which enabled him to see so
much of the interior of Norway, to enjoy the excitement of
cariole-driving, and to share in the custom, now probably
extinct, of sending on "for bud.^^ The two companions
drove the last 100 miles from Hjerken to Trondhjem at a
single stretch. The most provoking part of it was that all
this hurry went for nothing, as when they reached Hammer-
fest it was discovered that they had to wait ten days at that
truly penal settlement.

"When the rolling ' Gyller ' at length arrived in port, two
Englishmen, Scott and Torr, were on board, and a merry
party of four rounded the Nordkyn together, and ultimately
reached Vadso in the Varanger Fjord, where the hero of
Lapland ornithology, John Wolley, shortly made his appear-
ance, fresh from a fortnight's excursion up the Pasvig, in
Russian Finland, and this, too, during the Crimean War.
The party of three ornithologists, being now complete, lost
no time in making their way up the Varanger Fjord, and
thence to the valley of the Tana, and so round by the Tana
Fjord to Vadso again. There is no need for any ornitho-
logical details, as these may be gathered from the writings of
Wolley and Newton, and also from the pages of ' Hewitson.'
The same remark applies to the still more prolific region of
Central Lapland, at Muoniovara, for instance, which Wolley
had made his home. The ' Ootheca Wolleyana ' should
especially be consulted, for there each egg has its history.

The return journey commenced towards the middle of
July, when the three friends committed themselves once more
to the rolling 'Gyller,^ and were landed at a place on the
Lyugen Fjord, whence they made their way across the water-

ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

145

shed into Swedish Lapland_, and so in boats down the Muonio
River to Muoniovara itself.

Central Lapland is by no means a bad place wherein to
spend the latter part of summer^ when you have good
quarters in a well-to-do Swedish farmer's house, and enjoy
the run of all those numerous buildings which constitute the
" gaard/^ or square, within whose precincts everything is
enclosed. The rooms are appropriate, the beds &c. most
scrupulously clean, and, if the commons are rather short,
this acts as an incentive to the sportsman to increase his
efforts to supply the larder. There are grayling in the
Muonio, anxious to take fly or spoon ; ducks, and especially
Wigeon, in the streams and lakelets ; Willow-Grouse on the
margins of the woods ; and Capercaillies in the spiuce-dells.
In the pursuit of ducks the native " Lapp dog " was found
very useful, as he could dive in most approved fashion after
a winged bird : it was really wonderful to watch the dog and
the duck in the evolutions of the subaqueous chase. Nor was
the climate at all disagreeable, though towards the beginning
of September there was somewhat of a '^Mjite''^ in tlie air.

The homeward journey began on the 8th of September^
and the party reached Hull early in October, by way of
Ilaparanda, Stockholm, and Gothenbui'g.

In the spring of 1856 John Wolley induced Simpson
to join him in an expedition to the Isle of Gland, in the
Baltic, in quest of the Little Gull, supposed to breed there,
but this turned out to be the Black-headed Gull, and so far
the expedition was a failure. Nevertheless, a most interest-
ing campaign Avas carried on in the watery isle and adjacent
coast of Sweden — some of the results being recorded in
' The Ibis ' (see " Narrative of the Discovery of some Nests
of the Black Woodpecker in Sweden,^' Ibis, vol. i. p. 264)
and in the ' Ootheca Wolleyana.'

Probably the most enjoyable e.vcursion in which Simpson
shared was that undertaken by Tristram and Salvin in
the year 1857. The introduction was effected through
the good offices of Alfred Newton ; and Salvin and Simpson
started together from London early in February to join

146

ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

Tristram, already in North Africa. Tiie three met at Tunis,
and some time was spent in that highly interesting country,
where archaeology and ornithology were alternately in the
ascendant. As matters turned ou^t, the sojourn in Tunisia
was longer than expected, since Tristram, intending merely
to take a coasting-trip, was driven out to sea by stress
of weather, and ultimately reached Malta, where he was
detained some time for want of shipping.

Thus it was not until the latter end of March that the
" caravan " started for Algeria, via the famous valley of
Roman ruins, to Kef, and thence over the somewhat lawless
borderland to Souk-harras in the province of Constantine.
From the day of their leaving Souk-harras, very early in
April, to the day of their arrival at Constantine, towards the
end of June, the party dwelt constantly in tents, and travelled
on horseback from place to place. From an ornithological
point of view the country was almost a virgin one, and
especially the upper valley of the Medjei'dah, where opera-
tions first commenced. The country was alive Avith birds of
prey, from the stately Griffon to the querulous Black Kite,
and other birds were equally interesting and demonstrative.
The wretched "Colon''' had not yet potted everything, and
there were even lions, long since extinct, for the followers of
Jules Gerard to pursue.

Added to these attractions, there was a delightful climate
and, in many places, most impressive rock-scenery — fitting
homes for the larger llaptorials. So far from being a dried-
up country, these green highlands of Old Numidia afforded
excellent turf for a good gallop, and one could easily under-
stand why the forces of Massinissa and Jugurtha were so
strong in cavalry. True, when this style of country is left,
to the north you reach the great Sebkahs, vast evaporating
basins, which in spring still afford water for innumerable
wild-fowl and waders. This, too, is the laud of the Houbara
Bustard and Sand-Grouse, but those who intend to gallop
must beware of the holes made by the small rodents in the
dry plains that surround the Sebkahs. Ain Zana was the
last place visited by the party, and the wealth of this extra-
ordinary spot, especially in ducks, waders, &c., can only be

OUKUXAL .MK.MIJEKS,

147

partly realised wlieu reading the excellent descriptions of
Tristram and Salvin in the earlier numbers of ' The Ibis.'
Such a wonderful place was the result of the overflow of
s])rings (Aiu), but doubtless this ornithological paradise,
like AVhittlesey Mere, has been '' improved " off the face of
the earth iu the interval between 1857 and 1908.

The early part of 1858 presents no particular features
of interest. Sim])son passed a few weeks in Argyllshire,
looking out for shootings, and while thus engaged secured
nests of the Buzzard and Hen-Harrier. It was in the same
spring that Wolley and Newton spent so much valuable
time in a hopeless search for the Garefowl. But their
return to England was not without significance, as may be
gathered from correspondence received about that time,
which, in conjunction with a visit paid by Newton to Castle
Eden, contains the germ of the idea of a union of ornitho-
logists*. This was further advanced at Leeds, where the

* Subjoiued are extracts from letters written to Mr, Simpson about
this period ; —

From John Wolley, Beeston, Nottingliam, August 5tli. — After
referring to their profitless season in leehxnd, owing to their devotion to
the Garefowl, the writer goes on to say : "I hope you will meet Newton
and me and otlier good fellows (ahem !) at the British Association on or
about '22nd September at Leeds."

From Alfkkd Newton, Elvedeu, August 14th ; — " Wolley's great
idea of having the conference of the vagabond oologists to meet their
wandering brethren in science of the British Ass at Leeds was chiefly
conceived from his having met the Border baronet, Sir William Jardine,
who told him he should be there. Now, certainly Edward will not
be at home until about October 1st, and he is not the fellow I take him
for, unless he keeps Salvin, who by the last account was carried away by
him into captivity at St. Croix, to bear him company on his passage, and
I hardly know how I should answer it to either of these two knights
errant, if I were not to urge their claims to being present at the joyful
reunion that is to take place some time or other."

From H. B. Tkistuam, Castle Eden, August 10th. — Mentions that the
Great Bustard (Newton) had just left him, although the Great Auk
(Wolley) had fled south without calling. He continues : " I am ready
for the conference at Cambridge or else to make myself a British Ass
at Leeds in such good company. You know, I suppose, that Salvin and
Edward Newton will be back in a few weeks.''

148 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

British Association met in September. During this meeting
Wolley and Simpson occupied the same quarters^ and they
liad frequent opportunities of conferring with well-known
ornithologists on the subject.

Ultimately the British Ornithologists' Union was formally
founded at Cambridge in November 1858^ and Simpson
w^ell remembers that he and F. D. Godman, with others
of the brotherhood, stayed for some little time at the Bull
Hotel, in order to take part in the proceedings.

Simpson's latest expeditions in the pursuit of ornithology
took place during the years 1859 and I860, chiefly in Greece,
but also to a less extent in that part of Turkey known
as the Dobrudscha, which has since become a portion of
the State of Rumania. In Greece he had the advantage of
the company of Dr. Kriiper during part of the time, especially
in the neighbourhood of Mesolonghi, where some interesting-
captures were made. He was able to study the country
both in its summer and its winter aspect, and the results of
his experiences are recorded in some of the earlier volumes
of ' The Ibis.' In the Dobrudscha he was twice the guest of
the late John Trevor Barkly and his brothers, then engaged
in making the railway from Kustendji to the Danube. The
Dobrudscha at that time was a comparatively virgin country,
and might have yielded great results to less hurried visitors.
Some particulars as to the Avork done are to be found in
the second and third volumes of ' The Ibis.^ During the
winter of 1859-60 in Greece Simpson maintained a cor-
respondence Avith the brethren at home, though delivery of
letters was uncertain and the country had a bad character.
For some considerable period there were no letters, and
Tristram in a fit of despondence wrote as follows : —

" Eheu ! a Tliraco latrone
Actum est de Siiupsune."

This epitaph was communicated to the supposed defunct
by Alfred Newton.

Shortly after his return from Turkey, viz. in June 1860,
Simpson attended the memorable meeting of the British
Association at Oxford, where there was a considerable

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 149

gathering of original members of the B. O. U. The general
results of that meeting are a matter of history, but the more
immediate result as regards the ornithologists present was
to confirm their leaning towards the doctrine of Evolution,
then for the first time brought to the notice of the public.

A change was now impending in Simpson's career. For
many years past he had done little else than amuse himself,
and in such a mode of life sport and ornithology always
loomed largely. But, as was pointed out on one occasion 1)y
his friend and former schoolfellow, Humphrey Cholmeley,
such a course might do well enough for early manhood,
but ^Miow about the later years of life?" It could not
l)e contended that Simpson's devotion to ornithology was of
a scientific character, though it was impossible to associate
with such men as Newton, Salvin, and Kriiper without
picking up some of the elements of the science. Hence
the necessity for a change. Yet the old habit was so strong
within him that, on a fishing-trip in Sutherland during
the spring of 1861, he availed himself of an introduction
from Alfred Newton to the " old man of the Moine,''
and thus set to work in the old style once more. Several
interesting finds were the result, such as the Golden Eagle
from Ben Laoghal, the Grey-lag Goose from Loch Laoghal,
and two or three complete nests of the Greenshank — sub-
stantially the last eggs Simpson took.

Henceforth he determined to devote his energies to some-
thing more practical, and, as a preliminary course, to undertake
his own re-education, so as to be less dependent on classical
knowledge only. With this object in view^ in the winter of
1862-63, he studied chemistry under Playfair at Edinburgh,
where he obtained the University medal in that branch of
science. Subsequently, for three successive winters, he con-
tinued those studies at the Royal College of Chemistry in
London, and ultimately set up his own laboratory in Chelsea
where he was able to conduct mineral analysis on his own
account.

All this Avork was so much training for the main object he
had in view, viz, to become a practical geologist. In this

150 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

connexion, during a short trip to Switzerland in the autumn
of 1866, he met Marshall Hall, through whom he obtained
introductions to several well-known geologists. From such
men as Morris, Etheridge, and Blake, to mention no others,
he received instruction in paheontology, and thus early in
the seventies he was sufficiently advanced to he able to
contribute to the literature of his favourite study. He
became a Fellow of the Geological Society in May 1867, just
a fortnight before he changed his name to Hudleston.

From the j^ear 1872 onwards he continued to write
papers on various geological subjects, while he also partici-
pated in the management of the several societies with which
he was connected. It is probable that he was the only person
who has been Secretary and President, both of the Geologists'
Association and of the Geological Society. In 1897 he was
awarded the Wollaston Medal ; in 1898 he was President of
Section C at the Bristol meeting of the British Association ;
and so recently as last summer (1908) he was deputed by
the Council to represent the Geological Society of London
at the Darwin-Wallace Jubilee meeting of the Linnean
Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in
1884.

While these pages are passing through the press, news of
the death of Mr. Hudleston has reached us. He died, to
the regret of a large circle of friends, at Wareham, on
January 29th, 1909, in his 81st year.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. E. C. TAYLOR.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 151

Mr. E. C. TAYLOR.

Edward Cavendish Taylor, one of the original members of
the British Ornithologists' Union, was born on the 20th
of January, 1831, the third and youngest son of Frederic
Farmer Taylor, of Chyknell in the county of Salop, by his
marriage with Juliana, daughter of the second Lord Water-
park. He was educated at Rugby and Cambridge, and, after
the usual course of theological study, took Holy Orders in
tlie Church of England, and served as curate in several
places, amongst which was Long Compton in Warwickshire,
But Taylor was not thoroughly devoted to his profession,
and when, in 1870, the Act was passed enabling clergymen
of the Church of England to give up their Orders, he took
early advantage of it and retired into lay life and the study
of birds, in which he had taken a great interest from his
early youth. Taylor was a very accurate and painstaking
observer, besides making excellent skins, and was a constant
traveller. In the winter of 1853 he visited Egypt, and
ascended the Nile up to the first Cataract, making a good
collection of birds en route. In 1858, when this Union was
founded he became one of its original members, and, though
he was not present at the meeting at Cambridge in November,
1858, when 'The Ibis^ was founded, he contributed an
excellent article to the first number of that Journal, which
Avas published in January 1859.

Early in 1859 Taylor left England on an expedition to
Tunis and Algeria, in company with Sclater and two other
friends. The main object of the party was to visit the
breeding-sites of the Vultures and Eagles in those countries,
which had been so successfully explored by Salvin and
Tristram in 1857, as is recorded in the first volume of this
Journal. No opportunity was lost by Taylor of adding to
his cabinet of birds during this expedition. His next long
journey was of a more adventurous character. Leaving

152 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

England in Deceraberj 1872^ he proceeded to the West Indies,
and besides made excursions from Trinidad to the mainland
of South America, visiting, amongst other places, the towns
of Ciudad Bolivar and Caracas. Birds were studied and
collected at all the places visited, and the general results of
the expedition were given to the world in two articles pub-
lished in ' The Ibis ' in 1864. Examples of Pitangus taylori,
a species of Tyrant-bird named by Sclater after his friend
and companion, Averc first obtained on this occasion in Porto
Rico, and serve to commemorate the name of its discoverer.

After 1860 Taylor's headquarters Avere always in London,
where he had a set of rooms in Jermyn Street and w^as a
member of several clubs. The winter-climate of London,
however, did not suit his health, and the colder months of
the year were usually passed in Italy, where he was quite at
home both at Florence and Home, and enjoyed the society
of numerous friends. He also revisited Egypt more tban
once, and never failed to give some account of his obser-
vations on birds made during these excursions to the Editors
of ' The Ibis,' at the same time never omitting to add to his
cabinet of birds. When in London in the summer he was
a constant visitor to the Zoological Society's Library and
Gardens, and to the Bird-room of the British Museum,
always intent upon questions relating to the study of Birds.
During the last part of his life Taylor's health unfortunateh^
failed him, and he was not so much seen at his favourite
places of resort. The end came somewhat suddenly, when he
died in London on April 19th, 1905, at the age of 73 years.
By his will Taylor left his collection of birds and eggs to the
British Museum, where it proved to be a valuable acces-
sion, as several types were comprised in the series and the
skins Avere all in excellent condition and labelled with avcU-
established localities.

Taylor's collection contained 1226 specimens of birds and
860 of eggs, principally from the Palsearctic and Neotropical
Regions. Amongst them are the tj^pes of Pitangus taylori
and Tyr annus rostratus, both shot and skinned by himself.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908,

Dr. H. B. TRISTRAM.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 153

CANON TRISTRAM.

The Rev. Henry Baker Tristram^ Canon of Durham,
one of the founders and original members of the British
Ornithologists' Union, was well known as an author, a
traveller, a naturalist, and an antiquarian. It is, o£ course,
to his work in Natural History that Ave shall mainly allude
on the present occasion.

Canon Tristram was Lorn on May 11th, 1822, at Eglin-
gham, near Alnwick, the large country parish of which his
father, the Rev. H. B. Tristram, was at that time Vicar. He
was educated at Durham School, and. afterwards at Lincoln
College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1844, taking a
second class in Classics.

In 1845 Tristram was ordained Deacon by the Bishop of
Exeter, and Priest in the following year, having been
appointed Curate of M orchard Bishop. But, shewing some-
what alarming signs of a weak chest, he was ordered abroad,
and passed two years (1847-1849) as naval and military
chaplain in Bermuda. In the latter year he was nominated
Rector of Castle Eden, in Durham, and in 1860 Master of
€reatham Hospital and Vicar of Greatham, where he re-
mained until ] 873, when he was appointed Canon of Durham,
and resided in that city till his decease on the 8th of March,
1906. We will now turn to his ornithological and other
scientific work and publications.

From his early youth devoted to Natural History, Tristram,
like many of us, commenced his writings on this engrossing
subject in the ' Zoologist,^ the first being '^ On the Occurrence
of the Little Auk in Durham,^'' published in 1853 (Zool.
p. 3753). Other short notes in the same periodical followed
in 1854, 1856, 1859, and 1861. His first visit to Algeria
was made in the winter of 1855-6, and in the followinir
winter, having acquired the favour of ^Marshal Raudon, the

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL. M

154 ORIGINAL INIEMBEKS.

French Govcrnor-Generul, he was enabled to pusli liis
excursions across the Atlas far into the interior of the
Sahara. Avhcre. as he tells us, he found an. ^'atmosphere
bright, drv, and invigorating," Avhich exactly suited Lis
case. It Avas, in fact, to the two winters passed in Algeria
that he always attributed his recovery from the malady
Avhich had threatened him.

The results of these expeditions were the excellent series
of papers on the ornithology of Northern Africa published in
this Journal in 1859, I860, and 1861, and the very attractive
volume on his journeyings in the " Great Sahara,^' issued
in 1860, which, in our opinion, may fairly claim a place of
the very highest rank among the narratives of travels of
Naturalists.

Another part of the world to which Tristram devoted
special attention was Palestine. It was in the early part oi:
1858 that he first landed there, during a yachting visit to
the Mediterranean. His ornithological notes Avritten on
this occasion were published in tlie first volume of ' The
Ibis; to which he was a constant contributor. In the
autumn of 1863 he made a further visit to the Holy Land,
where he remained until the following summer. This visit
was the chief origin of his instructive and charming volume
on ' The Land of Israel/ published by the Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge in 1865. In 1872 Tristram
was again in Palestine, and pushed his travels beyond the
Jordan. On this occasion he discovered the ruins of the
great Persian Palace at Mashita, built by Chosroes about
A.D. 614, which had been previously almost forgotten.
Upon this journey he founded his interesting volume on
'The Land of Moab,' which was published in 1873.

Tristram's next trip to Palestine was in 1881, when he
travelled from Jaffa to Hebron, and thence turned north-
wards to Damascus. From Damascus he made a long
excursion across the Euphrates, and visited " Vv of the
Chaldees." In 1894 he was again in Palestine, and again
in 1897. It was on this last visit that, while riding with a
party o£ friends near Jerusalem, he had his leg broken by

(JRIGIXAL MEMBERS. 155

the kick of a vicious horse. This would have tinished off
most men at the age of seventy-five. But such "was not
the ease with our friend Tristram. After a few weeks in
Jerusalem he was pronounced to be sound again, and
returned to England as full of energy and spirits as ever.

In all these journeyings, however^ it must not be supposed
that Tristram ever lost sight of his " dear birds." They
were continually in his mind, and he was always collecting
specimens and writing notes about them. In the pages of
this Journal and elsewhere will be found upwards of seventy
papers of more or less importance relating to his favourite
subject. So far as regards Palestine^ these notes will be
found summarized and placed in systematic order in his
great Avork on the ' Fauna and Flora of Palestine,' published
by the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1884. This lasting
monument of Canon Tristram^s industry and learning is
still the only published work dealing with the Nattiral
History of the Bible-lands as a whole, and is likely long-
to remain so. A smaller and more popular work of
Tristram's on the Natural History of Palestine, together with
an account of its Geography, Geology, and Meteorology,
was published by the Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge in 1867, and has gone through several editions.

But Tristram by no means confined his ornithological
labours to one or two spots on the globe. He visited
Norway, and was also indefatigable in amassing specimens
from all quarters, while he was specially interested in
obtaining them from remote oceanic islands and similar
strange places. In 1889 he had got together over 17,000
specimens, and prepared and printed a catalogue of them.
Many of them were of great rarity (e. g., Nestor 'productus,
Camptolamus labradorivs, Monarcha dhnidiata) and almost
unknown elsewhere. Some years afterwards, fearing that
on his death his famous collection might be dispersed, he
came to an arrangement with the authorities of the Free
Public Museums of Liverpool to take over the whole of his
series of birds. In the lleport of the Committee of this
Institution for 189G will be found a short account of this

M 2

156 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

important acquisition, Avliicli is described as containing
" 20,000 specimens referable to 6000 species^ of wliich
150 are types."

Abont the same time the Canon's large and valuable
collection of birds' eggs was disposed of to Mr. Philip
Crowley, of Waddon House, Croydon. At Crowley's death,
in 1901, it was directed that the Avhole of his collection
of eggs should be at the disposal of the British Museum.
All the valuable and important specimens of birds' eggs
in the Tristram Collection will now, therefore, be found in
the cabinets at South Kensington.

Tristram's name and fame are well commemorated by
several birds that bear his surname as their specific title.
Among these the most appropriate to him is Tristram's
Grakle [Amydrus tristrami), discovered by the traveller
himself in the rocky gorges of the Dead Sea in January
1864'^. It belongs to an otherwise exclusively African
gi'oup of Starlings, of which it is the sole representative in
Asia, and was dedicated by Sclater to its discoverer.

Tristram was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in
1868, and was also a Fellow, !M ember, or Correspondent of
a number of other scientific and learned Societies at home
and abroad.

On the 5tli of February, 1900, Canon and Mrs. Tristram
celebrated their Golden Wedding. After this epoch Tristram
dwelt principally at home in Durham, making occasional visits
to London, where he attended the Anniversary Meeting of
the British Ornithologists' Union in May 1903, and the
Dinner in the evening. Canon Tristram died "^ full of age
and honour " in his residence at Durham, on March 8th,
1906, to the great sorrow of a wide circle of relatives,
friends, and acquaintances, who apj)reciated the high
qualities and many-sided knowledge of this remarkable
man. — P. L. Sclater.

* See ' The Laud of Israel,' p. 209.

Ibis. Jub.SuppI., 1908.

MR. JOHN WOLLEY.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS, ] 5'

Mr. JOHN WOLLEY.

The memory of the Naturalist Avhose death made the first
gap in the small society of the promoters of ' The Ibis/ while
it inflicted on science in general a serious loss, deserves more
than a passing notice in our pages, and the writer of this
Memoir, who was closely intimate with John Wolley during
his latter years, deems it a duty, at once melancholy and
pleasurable in no ordinary degree, to place on record the few
bare facts of his brief career.

Sprung from a Derbyshire family of fair repute and
antiquity, the deceased naturalist was born at Matlock,
on May ]3th, 1824, being the eldest son of the Rev. John
Hurt and Mary his wife, eldest daughter of Adam Wolley,
Esq., of Matlock, a gentleman well known as a local
historian and the donor of a valuable collection of manu-
scripts, still called after him, to the British Museum. At
the decease of his father-in-law, in 1827, Mr. Hurt assumed
the name and arms of Wolley.

At an early age John Wolley was sent to Mr. Fletcher^s
preparatory school at Southwell, which in 1836 he quitted
ibr Eton, where he remained for the next six years. A love
for the study of nature shewed itself even in the days of his
childhood, though at that time plants and insects shareri
his attention fully as much as the higher classes of creation,
which at a later period became mainly the objects of his
study. Indeed, while at Eton, in his own words, he was
"always about the country in all directions in pursuit of
Natural History," and he assiduously collected insects and
eggs, w bile " he knew every plant that grew about.^' With
all this, he was one of the foremost in every manly sport ;
and his recollections of having been captain of a '' long-boat "
and in '' the eight," Avhile also one of the " oppidan "
eleven, and that of "the school" at football, were always
amonsr those in which he most delighted.

158 ORIGINAL MEMliERS.

Ill October 1842 lie went to Cambridge,, aud entered upon
his residence at Trinity College. For one who had just
quitted the sixth form at Eton and did not intend to take a
degree in honours, not much reading was necessary, and with
Wolley's tastes it is not surprising to find that most of his
time while at the University Avas passed in the Cambridge-
shire and Huntingdonshire fens and woods, which then
afforded a rich tield for the researches of a naturalist. In
the long vacation of 1845 he started on a trip to the south
of Spain, and after visiting Cadiz, Seville, and Gibraltar,
crossed the Straits to Tangier. Here he unexpectedly found
a keen egg-collector domiciled, at that time known to but
few naturalists in Europe, and perhaps to none in England.
Though at first only the cabinets of AYolley himself and his
immediate friends were benefited by the discovery, the
knowledge of Mons. Favier's readiness to oblige other
oologists soon spread, and to their general advantage. It is
true that the eggs thus rendered attainable to British
collectors were such as at present are no longer accounted
scarce; but the pi'ogress of the study is marked by the fact
that at that time an experienced ornithologist like the late
Mr. Yarrell considered such eggs as the Pratincole^s and
S tilths, brought home by Wolley, as the " rarest he had ever
had.^^ JNlr. Hewitson, too, Avas thereby shortly afterwards
enabled to give, for the first time, a correct figure of the egg
of the Egyptian Vulture in the edition of his well-known
work then approaching completion.

In January 1846, Wolley graduated as a B.A. and left
the University. He then went to live in Loudon, and entered
at the Middle Temple with the intention of studying law.
But more congenial pursuits chiefly occupied his attention,
and though he kept the terms necessary for a call to the
Bar, the reading-room of the British Museum was more
frequently his haunt than the chambers of the special
pleader, and the design of following a barrister's profession
was subsequently abandoned. Profiting by the opportunities
he enjoyed, he at this time mostly busied himself Avith
studying the works of the older naturalists. The writer lias

oiiiGixAL me:\iukks. 159

l)eeii unable to ascertain precisely at wliat period the idea
tirst occurred to Wolley's mind_, but it was certainly not
later than this year (1846) that he began carefully to
examine and collate all the historical evidence relating to
that extraordinary extinct bird, the Dodo, and in pursuing
the search for authorities he was led to make a minute study
of the records of ancient voyages. This he did without any
knowledge of the labours towards the same end which were
then being prosecuted by the late Mr. H. E. Strickland, for
it was not until the close of the next year that he became
acquainted with that gentleman^s design of immediately
bringing out a work on the subject. Wolley had by that
time collected a considerable mass of material ; but directly
he saw an announcement of the contemplated publication of
* The Dodo and its Kindred/ he at once communicated the
principal results at which he had ai-rived to Strickland,
Avhose admirable monograph bears no unwilling testimony to
his appreciation of the assistance thus generously proffered
and to the value of the knowledge acquired ''^.

In the summer of 1846, accompanied by one of his
cousins, AYoUey made a tour in Germany and Switzerland,
throughout which he neglected no opportunity of acquiring
ornithological informatioUp while in the course of it he
achieved a successful ascent of ^lont Blanc — an exploit not
then of such frequent occurrence as it has since become.

Towards the end of the next year (1847) he repaired to
Edinburgh and joined the medical classes at that University,
M'here he diligently applied himself for the next three years

* The writer begs leave to acknowledge here the kindness with vvdiich
Sir William Jardine has placed at his disposal copies of, and extracts from,
several of Wolley's letters to Strickland, written at this period. It may
be added, for the benefit of any naturalist who, at some time or other,
might turn his attention to the matter, that AVolley was strongly of
opinion that assiduously as Strickland had worked, the amount of informa-
tion to be yet derived from a more extended research, such as would be
afforded by several of our public and private libraries, was far from being
exhausted — if, indeed, their dust did not still bury the knowledge of facts
bearing on this remarkable group of extinct organisms for more interesting
than any that had been resuscitated.

160 ORiGiXAL i\ie:\ibeks.

to the course o£ study necessary for attainiu"- a physician's
degree, and with so mnch success that, during his last
session (1850-1), he was elected Senior President of the
Royal Medical Society — the highest mark of respect his
fellow-students conld bestow on hini ^'. The vacations, how-
ever, he devoted to what now became his main object — the
desire of forming an oological collection, all the specimens of
which should be thoronghly well authenticated, and by con-
sequence not only really serviceable to, but worthy of, a
study pertaining to the Exact Sciences. To gain this end,
no labour was too severe, no personal hardship too great for
him to undergo.

Accordingly, the summer of 1848 found him visiting the
northern extremitj^ of our island, and he extended his
excursion to the Orkneys and Shetlands. This was probably
more with the intention of obtaining a personal know ledge
of the localities, to be made use of on a future occasion, than
with much expectation of then adding to his collection, for
the egging season was then already far advanced. The chief
capture on this tour Avas that of a pair of Sea- Eagles, w^hich
were transmitted to the residence of a relation at Matlock,
where subsequently a mass of rocks, perhaps in bygone
years tenanted by the other native species, was wired over,
and the plan of the cage thus formed, having been brought
to the knowledge of the Secretary of the Zoological Society,
sug-gested the first idea of the fine Eagle Aviarv which now
adorns the Gardens in the Regent's Park.

Profiting by the knowledge he had gained the preceding
year, he started early in 1849 for the Nortli, and during a
journey throughout Caithness and Sutherlandshire, most of
Avliich was performed on foot, devoted himself to investi-
gating the habits of the larger birds of prey, which, as he
perceived, the combined efforts of sheep-farmers, game-
preservers, and so-called natural-history collectors were so
soon to render nearly extinct in that district. The principal
results of his experience on this and subsequent occasions

* Kiiullv coramunicated to the writer by Professor Goodtiii-.

ORIGINAL :me:\[bers. 161

were commuincated to Mr. Howitson, in tlie last edition of
whose work Wolley^s observations were deservedly embodied,
with the prefatory remark, no less happy than trnc, that he
had " become as familiar with the King of birds as others are
with Crows and Magpies/^ Leaving the British Islands in the
month of Jnne, he visited the Faeroes, and passed several
weeks studying the ornithology of those islands, for whicli
his activity and fearlessness in rock-climbing afforded him
so great an advantage. An account of the birds of this
interesting group Avas read before the Natural History Section
of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
at their meeting in Edinburgh the following year, and the
])aper will be found printed in full in Sir William Jardine^s
'Contributions to Ornithology' for 1850. At the next
Cambridge Commencement, July 1850, he proceeded to the
degree of M.A., and at the close of the winter session 1850-1
he quitted Edinburgh.

After another expedition to the Highlands, in the course
of Avhich he became acquainted with some ]^]agle localities in
Argyllshire and Perthshire of remarkable interest, he again
took np his abode in London, and continued to reside
there until the spring of 1853. During all this time he was
thoroughly devoted to the object he had most at heart, and
while by no means unmindful of his former literary
researches, in Avhich he now comprised much investigation
relative to a species probably nearly extinct, the Great Auk,
he took especial care to extend his acquaintance among
other naturalists, with whom his pecnliarly quiet manner
and unassuming demeanour speedily rendered him deservedly
jiopnlar *.

At length, in the spring of 1853, WoUey was enabled to
put in execution a plan the idea of which had for several
years haimted him, and to make an excursion of far greater

* The writer may ])er]iaps be excused fur mentioning here tliat it
was in Octoher 1851 that he first became personally acquainted with
Mr. WoUey. For some years previously they had carried on a pretty
frequent correspondence on natural-history subjects, and this now led to
a closer intimacy, resulting in a friendship which continued to the last.

16.2 ORIGINAL MK.MBKUS.

€xteut than any he had hitherto accomplished. Not only
had he from his boyhood rejoiced in the thought of one day
visiting the land of Gyrfalcons and Capercaillies, Bears and
Wolves, but, of late, the very unsatisfactory nature of our
knowledge respecting the nidification of various birds, among
which were some of our commonest winter visitants, had
been constantly present to his mind. English oologists
had more than twenty years before visited Iceland and the
coast-region of Norway, making discoveries of remarkable
interest ; it was therefore but reasonable to suppose that
some sort of similar success would attend investigations
carried on in still more northern latitudes. The pages ot
Mr. Yarrell's work recorded the results of INfr. Dann^s visit
to Lapland, and moreover an acquaintance of Wolley^s had
only three years before made a tour in that country, and
brought back specimens and intelligence sufficient to excite
the ardour of a moderately keen naturalist. Then, again,
there Avas the geographical consideration that, from the
very configuration of the land, the country lying between the
Arctic Ocean and a large inland sea like the Baltic would
probably be found to offer to many species of birds peculiar
advantages as a breeding-station. All this determined him
upon making an expedition to the district lying at the head
of the Gulf of Bothnia. On the 23rd of April he left Hull
for Gothenburg, on his Avay to Tornea, which place he
intended to make his headquarters. Provided with good
introductions, at Stockholm he obtained valuable intelligence
from Prof. Retzius and the late Herr AYahlberg, who has
since so unfortunately met his death in South Africa,
and who had been not long before on a botanical tour in
Lapland. Having secured the assistance of a student of the
University to act as interpreter, Wolley started off again,
undeterred by the prospect of a journey of 900 miles in a
rough carriage, and at a season of the year when, the winter-
ways being broken up, and the multitude of wide rivers still
choked with rotten ice, travelling is deemed by the Swedes
all but impossible. The journey was not. hoAvever, without
its reward. In the course of it he discoved the Eaa-le-OwFs

ORIGIXAL :\1EMBERS. 163

nest, his grapliic description of Avliicli reached England just
in time to be of use to Mr. Hewitson. At length he arrived
at Haparanda, a small frontier village opposite the Russian
town o£ Tornea. Northwards from this place, Finnish is the
language almost exclusively used, and it therefore became
necessary here to engage a second interpreter. This added
to the difficulties of the expedition; for those only who have
experienced it can be aware of the trouble and annoyance
entailed by the employment of a third language, especially
in making known to an ignorant population wants of which
they have hitherto had no idea, and by means of interpreters
to whom they are equally strange.

It is not Avithin the scope of this memoir to relate at
length the dift'erent stages of Wolley's journey. It Aviil
suffice to say that, embarking on the river Tornea, he followed
its course across the Arctic circle, until its junction at Kengis
with the Muonio, continuing along the latter stream as far as
Muonioniska — his intention being to reach Jerisjarvi, a large
lake recommended to him at Stockholm as an advantageous
locality for his operations: He found, however, that the
more immediate neighbourhood of Muonioniska offered
greater facilities, and here accordingly he passed the short
polar summer, working incessantly, often more than twenty-
four consecutive hours, in the vast marslies near it, until he
had completely exhausted the powers of his two interpreters
and his troop of beaters. At the end of July he retraced his
steps, intending to return at once to England, but on
arriving at Haparanda he found letters which made him
resolve to pass the winter in Lapland, and accordingly,
dismissing his companions, and entrusting to one of them
the spoils of the campaign to be sent to some friends at
home, he again ascended the river and took up his quarters
at ]Muoniovara, the house of a trader, opposite the Russian
village of Muonioniska.

During the winter he occupied himself partly in pursuit
of the scanty stock of game which the dense surrounding
forests afforded, and in unsuccessful attempts at bear-hunting,
but more particularly in visiting every house within a radius

164 OUIGIXAL MiniBERS.

of many miles, inquiring of the inhabitants respecting the
birds of the district, and engaging their services for the
ensuing spring. INIeanwhile his boxes of eggs arrived in
England, and the reception by the public of a small portion
of them, submitted to sale by the late Mr. J. C. Stevens,
was very encouraging to his future labours — genuine eggs of
the Jack Snipe, Broad-billed Sandpiper, and other birds it
had never previously been in the poAver of British, or
probably of foreign, collectors to procure. Towards the
spring he crossed the Kjolen Mountains with reindeer into
Norway, and proceeded by sea from Tromsoe to Hammer-
fest, whence in a short time he returned with the last snow
to his headquarters by way of Kantokeino, near which place
he successfully scaled a dangerous rock for a nest of the
Gyrfalcon. Arrived at Muonioniska, he soon afterwards
had the opportunities of taking the eggs of the Crane which
he has so vividly described in these pages ('Ibis/ 1859,
p. 191), and a few days more saw him again ascending the
river to its parent lake, Kilpisjarvi. among the mountains.
No great success attended him here ; but in his voyage back,
under circumstances of which a thrilling account was
communicated to Mr. Hewitson^s pages, he met with rather
better fortune, though he obtained little else than some eggs
of a species, the Scaup Duck, which were already known to
collectors. On his return to Muonioniska, he stayed there
only long enough to ascertain the particulars of the col-
lections Avhich had accumulated for him, and was off again,
this time for England, which he reached in August. De-
positing his treasures, including eggs of the Shore-Lark,
Siberian Jay, Spotted Redshank, Temminck^s Stint, and
Little White-fronted Groose, with the same friends as befoi'e,
he departed in a few weeks a second time for the North, and
travelling by way of Berlin (where he did not forget to
inspect Savcry^s Dodo-picture) and Stettin to Stockholm,
caught the last steamer for the Bothnian Gulf, and reached
Muonioniska just before the closing of the river navigation.
The following winter he passed much as he had the pre-
ceding one. The brcakino- out of the Russian war indeed

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 165

placed him within a short distance of the enemy's territory^
^)ut fortunately did not materially affect his movements,
which^ as regarded incnrsions on the Finnish side of the
frontier, were wisely overlooked by the local anthorities.
Still, great caution was necessary, so as to give no possible
excuse for any measures that might circumscribe his
operations. In the spring of the next year, 1855, he
repeated his journey to Norway, and, leaving the Muonio
and adjoining valleys to be worked by people whom he had
especially instructed, he proceeded along the coast eastward
of the North Cape to Wadso. From this remote town he
crossed the Waranger Fjord to the outlet of the Patsjoki or
Paswig river, ascending it until he reached the great Lake
Enara, which had been the locality previously assigned by
too credulous collectors for many a fabled rarity. He found
its shores singularly destitute of anything ornithological, but
on the way there he was rewarded by the sight of Wild
Swans' nests. Heturning to Wadso, he joined Mr. W. H.
Simpson and Mr. Alfred Newton, whose arrival he had been
for many Aveeks expecting, and in company with those gentle-
men he continued the remainder of the summer, exploring
the shores of the Waranger Fjord and lower district of the
Tana. They then proceeded by the coast to the Lyngen
Fjord, and crossed to Kilpisjarvi. at which famous lake
boats were waiting to take them to Muonioniska. After a
month's delay here, principally enlivened by the discovery of
some nests of the Pine Grosbeak, the party returned to
England by the usual route.

The winter of 1855-6 Wolley spent at home. In the
following spring he set out with Mr. Simpson for the Baltic,
and passed the egging season chiefly in the island of ffiland
and on the adjacent coast of Sweden. Mr. Simpson's
principal success in this expedition has been already recorded
by him in the pages of this Journal ('Ibis/ 1859, p. 264),
and in his narrative of it he attributes to Wolley's suggestions
the chief results. Wolley himself was rather led away from
the living birds to pay attention to the barroAvs, stone-circles
and other relics of a former age with which QEland in particular

166 ORIGINAL MKMBKKS.

abounds, and lie was at much pains to examine many of tlie
numerous sacrificial and burial places in that island, and to
collect organic remains from them. While tlms employed
lie received a pressing invitation from Prof. Retzius to go with
him to the meeting of Scandinavian naturalists then abonc
to be held at Christiania, and accordingly repaired thitheiv
where he read three papers : — 1st, ^' On the Recrystallization
of Fallen Snow " ; 2nd, '' On the Swarm of Lemmings in
Lapland in 1853, the Birds that accompanied it, and their
jNIode of Breeding " ; and, .3rd, " On the Improvement of the
Breed of the Reindeer/^ The meeting over, he returned
to Copenhagen, and thence went to Stockholm, on his way to
Lapland.

On his arrival at the Swedish capital, he received intelli-
gence of a very unexpected and almost unhoped-for discovery
made a few weeks before by persons in his employment —
a discovery by far the most interesting and important to
ornithologists that was destined to result from his labours.
He hurried, on to Muonioniska to obtain the details, Avhich
he found to be of a most satisfactory nature. The time may
probably come when oologists will have a difficulty in
comprehending with what delight the naturalists of this
generation hailed the tidings that the mystery with which
the nidification of the Wax wing had hitherto been enshrouded
Avas dispelled. At Wolley^s especial request the intelligence
was communicated to but a few of his most intimate friends
at home, one of whom (the late Mr. Yarrell) it was his Avish
should make public the news. Before, however, the letters
aunouncing the great event reached England that excellent
gentleman had been laid in his grave, and the discovery was
accordingly first announced in a short paper communicated
by AVolley himself to the Zoological Society of London and
read at the meeting held March 2Gtli, 1857. Soon after tljc
public had an opportunity of testing their appreciation of
this new acquisition to oology, and the result was that a
higher price was obtained for each of the three eggs of tli(>
WaxAving — offered for sale at Mr. Stevens's rooms — than had
ever been known before, except in the case of those of a

ORIGINAL MEMHKUS. 167

species presumed to be extinct. The full particulars of the
discovery were not as yet given to the Avorld.

The Avinter of 1856-7 passed with Wolley much as usual,
though in liis letters to his most constant correspondents he
complained of being less able than formerly to withstand the
rigours of the climate. In the spring he again set out for
Norway ; but this time he chose another route, proceeding
through the almost unexplored country nearly due north of
Muonioniska^ until he struck upon the head-waters of the
Tana, and, descending that river, reached the Waranger
district, which had been partially examined by him and his
friends in 1855. He was attracted thither by the report
that, some years previously, a Swedish naturalist had there
met with a breeding-place of the Knot ; but the locality
assigned was found on examination to be a mountain covered
with perpetual snow, and Wolley met with but little to com-
pensate him for his loss of time and labour. When, towards
the end of the season, he again returned to Muoniovara, he
found a large number of eggs collected for him, and before
he left for England he had the additional gratification of
receiving from a remote district in Finland some eggs of the
Smew, the first known to have been obtained by anv
naturalist. An account of this, the last great oological dis-
covery he was enabled to make, he contributed to this
Journal (' Ibis, 1859, p. 69), and it detracts nothing from
the value of tiie other articles to say that his paper is cer-
tainly the most interesting Avhich aj)peared in the first number
of ^ The Ibis.'

Wolley remained in England during the winter of 1857-8,
and began diligently working up the subject which he had
long been considering, and then took seriously in hand — the
natural history of the Great Auk. With the view of seeking
information at the fountain-head, and, if possible, of solviu"-
the moot point of the bird^s present existence, in April 1858
he sailed for Iceland, accompanied by Mr. Alfred Newton.
After passing some weeks at Reykjavik, the capital of that
island, they repaired to the village of Kirkjuvogr, being the
nearest settlement to the Euglaskcr oft" Cape Reykiane*

168 OKIUIXAL MEMBERS.

nhere examples of this bird were last seen. Here tliey
remained two mouths, in vaiu waitinj^ for weather when a
landing on these distant and dangerous rocks would be prac-
ticable. The country around possessed but few attractions
for the ornithologist ; but Wolley Avas indefatigable in seeking
for information from the mouths of persons who had formerly
-visited the Skerries, and was successful in procuring from
them many valuable and interesting particulars relating to
this bird. A considerable number of bones of the species,
found at various places along the coast, were also collected,
and these, together with the intelligence just mentioned,
were the only results of the expedition worth recording here ;
for, owing to the constantly unsettled state of the weather,
not a single opportunity presented itself when it would have
been in any degree possible to reach the rocks. After a
hasty trip to the celebrated Geysers, Wolley returned to
England, calling on his way home, as he had done on his
outward voyage, at the Faeroes, where he not only renewed
his former acquaintance with many of the inhabitants, but
obtained further useful informatiou respecting the subject to
which he was devoting himself.

Soon after his arrival in England Wolley began to find
his general health, which had hitherto been exceedingly
;^ood, failing, without any apparent reason. He suffered
from languor, at times to a most painful degree, and his
former energy seemed to have departed from him. This did
not, however, prevent his going to the meeting of the British
Association held at Leeds in September. Here he read two
papers : one, " On a fresh Form of Crystallization which takes
place in the Particles of Fallen Snow under intense Cold,^''
being the same subject on which he had remarked two years
before at Christiania, and which another winter in the north
had enabled him to study more particularly; and a second,
entitled '^ Observations on the Arrangement of small Stones
in certain bare Levels in Northern Localities.-'' He was
subsequently present at the Field-meeting or the Tyneside
Naturalists' Club, lield at Marsden, October 22nd, bemg the
last time he was to attend any scientific assembly. The

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 169

distressing feelings of lassitude continued at intervals
throughout the winter and following spring ; but still
neither he nor those about him were much alarmed by them.
As the summer drew on, he fancied his bodily strength in some
degree restored ; but at the same time he was aware of an
occasional loss of memory, which became now and then very
apparent in his letters to his friends. In the month of July
an accidental and trifling occurrence brought on an attack
of a much more serious character, and he then placed him-
self under regular medical treatment. No improvement in
his symptoms taking place, it was recommended that further
advice should be sought, and accordingly he went to London,
where the opinion of one of the highest authorities in the
profession — himself since removed by death — was taken.
Dr. Todd (for he was the physician consulted) at once declared
that the case was one in which no hope of recovery could be
entertained, that there was an affection of the brain, probably
of long standing, and that a speedy change Mould take place.
These fatal words were fulfilled to the letter; not many days
passed before Wolley experienced another violent attack,
from which he only once, and for a short time, rallied. He
then seemed quite aware of his approaching end, and expressed
his wishes respecting the place of his burial and the disposal
of his oological collection. On the 20th of November, 1859,
after having for some hours lapsed into a state of complete
unconsciousness, he expired without suffering.

His last wishes were faithfully carried out. In accordance
with them, his remains were interred in the churchyard at
Matlock — his birthplace — and his vast collection of eggs was
handed over to his friend Alfred Newton, who subsequently
published, under the title of ' Ootheca Wolleyana,' a full
catalogue of the treasures it contained, as a fitting memorial
of him who formed it. Wolley had been for some time in
the habit of sending yearly to the Museum at Norwich most
of the skins of the birds obtained by himself or his agents in
Lapland. After his decease his father handsomely presented
to the same deserving institution the remaining portion of
the collection, where it is known as the " Wolley Donation,'

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL. N

170 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

and where it must always form an object of uo common
interest to naturalists^ particularly to those engaged in the
special study of the local variation of species, as well as
to those who, through Wolley's generosity, or his annual
sales'^, have become possessed of duplicates of his eggs,
many of which are thereby thoroughly identified. It Avas,
and always will be, a matter of regret that his active mode
of life and his premature death prevented his giving to the
world the connected account of his discoveries, which he had
meditated. But the copious notes which he was so careful
to make on almost every occasion enabled their subsequent
possessor to remedy this deficiency in some degree, in the
Catalogue which he published later. Wolley had, however,
already made known many valuable results of his experience,
which will be found chiefly in the pages of ' The Zoologist,'
and in the last edition of his friend Mr. Hewitson's admirable
work on Oology.

To describe John Wolley^s character at any length is not
the intention of the writer. He has attempted, without the
desire of unduly exalting the value of Natural Science, to
give in outline the chief events of a life which, if the study
of God's creatures deserves any encouragement, cannot be
said to have been uselessly spent, and, if unsAverving devotion
to the cause of Truth merits any praise, must be declared to
have been honourably passed. The facts here narrated are
left to speak for themselves ; on them must Wolley's repu-
tation rest. It would add little to them to state that in the
various capacities of relative, friend, and companion, there
was little wanting in him, for such encomiums are too often
applied without due cause. His good qualities are treasured
in the recollection of those who knew him, and especially of

* The amount realized at these .sales has been greatly exaggerated
by rumour, especially on the Continent. The writer, ou best possible
authority, states that the gross receipts of the seven sales, which took
place between 1853 and 1859 inclusive, did not exceed £940. From this
must be deducted all expenses, the amount of which is not easily com-
puted ; but some idea of their extent may be gathered from the fact that,
in one season alone, collecting the eggs of a single species cost Wolley
nearly £90.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 171

one to whom he gave the last token of his esteem, and who,
having- endeavoured (how imperfectly no one knows better
than himself) to discharge a duty owing to the memory
of a deeply lamented comrade, cannot conclude this sketch
without an expression of gratitude at having been permitted
to share so largely the intimacy of such an upright man. —
A. Newton.

N 2

Ibis. Jub.Suppl..l908.

Captain T. W, BLAKISTON.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^THE IBIS.' 173

Captain T. W. BLAKISTON.

Captain Thomas W. Blakistou, to whom we are indebted
for so much of our knowledge of Japanese Ornithology^ was
born in 1832, and belonged to an old Durham family. After
passing through Woolwich, he obtained a commission in
the Royal Artillery. In 1861 he wrote a very interesting
paper for this Journal on a collection of birds which he had
made in North-West Canada, and in the following year he
published a narrative of his adventurous expeditions up the
river Yangtsze, for which he received the gold medal of the
Royal Geographical Society. He then settled at Hakodadi,
in the north island of Japan, and devoted much attention to
the Birds of Yesso, discovering many new species, writing
various papers which appeared in this Journal, the ' Chry-
santhemum,^ and the ' Transactions of the Asiatic Society of
Japan,^ and sending small collections of new or rare birds
to Mr. Swinhoe, or, after the death of that distinguished
ornithologist, to Mr. Seebohm. In conjunction with
Mr. Harry Pryer of Yokohama, Captain Blakiston succeeded
in adding more than a hundred species of birds to the avi-
fauna of Japan. A few years later Captain Blakiston removed
from Hakodadi to the United States, and took up his
residence at London in Ohio, and afterwards, we believe, in
New Mexico. His last ornithological paper was an essay on
the " Water-Birds of Japan,^^ published in the ' Proceedings
of the United States National Museum.' He died on
October 17th, 1891, in New Mexico.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. EDWARD BLYTH.

CONTRinUTORS TO THE FIRST SKRIKS OF ' THE IBIS.' 175

Mr. EDWARD BLYTH.

Edward Blyth. who died in London in December 1873, at
the age of sixty-three, was a naturalist of no ordinary type.
Though to the readers of ' The Ibis ' his name will be chiefly
known in its connexion with Ornithology and the numerous
papers registered in our General Subject-Index, birds by
no means formed the only zoological subject of which lie
possessed very ample knowledge. From 1833 to the time of
his death, Blyth worked incessantly ; and memoirs were
contributed by him to different scientific ])ublications,
chiefly to the ' Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,'
' The Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' ' The
Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' and to this Journal.
For twenty-two years prior to 1864 he was Curator of the
Calcutta Museum, which profited largely by his energy
and ability. It was there that Blyth devoted himself to
the study of the Natural History of British India and its
dependencies, the results of which have connected his name
so intimately with the Zoology of those countries. His
Catalogue of the Birds in the Museum was also written
during this period. After his return to England Blyth
continued to work with unabated industry, and was at
times almost daily to be seen consulting the library of the
Zoological Society. At the Society's meetings, too, he was
a frequent attendant.

Blyth's connexion with the British Ornithologists' Union
commenced in 1860, when he was elected one of our first
Honorary Members. After his return to England he was
made an Extra-Ordinary Member, and so continued to the
day of his death.

All who knew Blyth were struck with his powers of
memory, and the readiness with which names and references
found expression. His suggestions on such points, though
not always accurate, were seldom wide of the mark.

176 COXTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/

Some of the earlier writings of Blyth^ before he took up
liis residence in Calcutta^ were communicated to Rennie's
* Field Naturalist/ It is curious now to look back to them
and see how he lent himself to the prevailing epidemic of
that period for changing names of birds supposed to be
unsuitably applied. Even our most familiar species^ such as
the Robin, did not escape. It was the mistaken zeal for
the fitness and uniformity of names, regardless of the
consequences, manifested at this time, which provoked
Strickland so energetically and successfully to protest. But
the spirit of change which prompted Blyth and others in
those days is not wholly laid ; for ever and anon it reappears
in some new form to disturb the peace of ornithological
nomenclature. In his later writings Blyth adhered loyally
to the ''rules of nomenclature.^^

It will be a matter of regret if the works of so diligent a
writer should be allow^ed to remain diffused, as they are,
through so many zoological journals — the more so as the
works of our most laborious compilers omit all references to
original descriptions, nor do they furnish any clue to where
they are to be found, beyond the name of a species and. its
author. Is there not here a field of activity for some
member of our Union? who, by making even an index to
the generic and specific names scattered through Blyth's
works, would not only honour a great ornithologist's memory,
but also, by saving hours of too often fruitless search to his
fellow-workers, confer a great boon upon ornithological
science generally.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. JOHN HANCOCK.

COXTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^ THE IBIS.^ 177

Mr. JOHN HANCOCK.

By tlie death of John Hancock, which occurred at
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on the 11th of October, 1890, there
was lost an ornithologist of a kind almost unique, and another
of the few links which still connect us, with our predecessors
of the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth
century has been broken. Though no less venerable for his
age — he was 84 years old — than for his character, he was per-
sonally known to but few outside of the town in which he so
long lived. There, however, he had many friends, even before
he enriched its Museum wath the fine ornithological collection
he bestowed upon it in 1881. Losing his father, who was a
tradesman in Newcastle, while yet a child, John Hancock
received but a poor education, a deficiency de>-'ply felt by him
in after years, and doubtless one of the reasons why it was
only with the greatest difficulty that he could be induced to
lay before the public any of the store of knowledge w^hich he
possessed. It is said, and can be well believed, that he, like
his brother Albany (who rose to so great scientific fame),
was from his boyhood devoted to the study of Natural His-
tory, and never lost an opportunity of prosecuting it that
the intervals of business presented. In 18.26 Bewdck wrote
of him as " a young friend and promising naturalist " ;
and just twenty-one years after Hancock superintended a
new edition of the famous ' British Birds,'' the value of
which people now fully recognise, for owing to the care
taken, first in cleaning the old blocks, and then in printing
from them with the best of ink — ink of inferior quality
having bean previously used, and especially in the earlier
issues, which command so high a price, — fine details of
engraving, the existence of which had hardly been suspected
before, became manifest with an eff"ect that is in many cases
marvellous, while even the few blocks which, through original

178 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIS.'

defect in the avoocI, lia.d become woriij present no worse figures
than they had done before. In the spring of 1833, John
Hancock, with another friend, accompanied the late Mr. Hew-
itsoii on a birds'-nesting expedition to Norway, the results
of which were made known by the last-named gentleman in
his well-known Oological work, and briefly, though more
connectedh% in the short-lived ' Magazine of Zoology and
Botany' (ii. pp. 309-317). Just fifteen years later Hancock
joined the late Charles St. John on a tour with the same
object in the then almost equally unexplored northern district
of Sutherland ; but his field-experience was otherwise mainly
gained in his own neighbourhood, where, on the 26th of
September, 1838, he chanced to fall in with an example, the
first recognised in the British Isles, of the little Ijird at that
time called the " Dalmatian Regulus," but now well known,
and hardh^ to be deemed an unusual visitor to Western
Europe, as the Yellow-browed Warbler [Phylloscojnis sttper-
ciliosus). Of this species, the specimen shot by himself at
Hartley on the coast of Northumberland, which he afterwards
figured in his '^ Birds of Northumberland and Durham,' is
still to be seen in iiis collection. In that same year, and
only a short time before, the British Association met at
Newcastle, and Hancock's "Remarks on the Greenland and
Iceland Falcons," subsequently published in the * Annals of
Natural History' (ii. pp. 241-250), attracted not a little
attention. He lay, however, at that time under the grave
mistake (though therein he was by no means alone) of con-
founding the adult Faico candicans with its young, and of
describing this last as resembling the immature stage of
Falco islandus — an error that he was not able to correct until
1854 (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xiii. p. 110), and few
have since been rash enough to controvert the truth of the
views he then enunciated * ; for he was indefatigable in

* For comments on botli of these subjects, so inseparably connected
with Mr. Hancock's name, the readers of ' The Ibis ' may be referred to
our vouime for 1 862 (pp. 44-57), in which both ai'e treated at some length
according to the light that then existed. For later remarks on the Falcon
question reference may be made to the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural
History' (series 4, xii. pp. 485-487).

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^ THE IBIs/ 179

making observations on such birds as came in his way, and
though comparatively few of these have seen the light, time
has in most cases proved their accuracy.

Another of his discoveries — as such it really was, for though
YarrelFs claim to priority is undoubted, no publication thereof
had been made, and the fact was wholly unknown to Hancock
— was the specific distinctness of Cygnus beivicki. As un-
fortunately often liappens in such cases, some unpleasantness
arose out of the circumstances. Yarrell, partly through
a proper exercise of caution, and not suspecting that anyone
else was likely to meet with specimens of his newly-found
Swan, deferred its description until after it had come to the
notice of the northern ornithologists, Wingate and Hancock ;
but it is especially due to the acumen of the latter that the
specific validit}^ of Bewick's Swan was recognised. Whether
tidings of the fact reached Yarrell, and prompted him to
make known the information he had possessed for some four
or five years, matters little. If it were so, he was certainly
justifying his rights ; but those who are curious in such trivial
matters may read the charge and defence in the ^Philosophical
Magazine' (new ser. viii. pp. 128-130 and 167-169). The
whole incident is much to be regretted, and in nothing more
than that Hancock thence conceived the ornithologists of the
south of England to be jealous of him — an idea, we are sure,
that was utterly mistaken, as was shown by the welcome
they gave to his handiwork.

For many years Hancock had been attempting to raise
'' taxidermy " to an art. He knew how a bird should look,
and having the eye had also the hand of an artist, so that he
could mount a dried skin and endue it with the spirit of life.
Other men doubtless may have tried to do the like, but for
the lack of the knowledge that comes of observation and the
delicacy of manipulation that seeais to be inborn, no one
except perhaps Mr. Waterton had succeeded. There are still
some amongst us that remember with pleasure Hancock's
contributions to the Great Exhibition of 1851, where, placed
in the central transept, they were always surrounded by
admirers, and at the end went unrewarded ! One of them

180 COXTKIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^ THE IBIs/

at least — but that b\' no means the best — Tnay now be seen
in the Natural History Museum in Cromwell Road^ it
having been bequeathed to tlie Trustees by Mr. Hewitson,
who had become its possessor.

On the occasion of the International Exhibition o£ 1862,
Hancock made a similar attempt to illustrate life in death ;
but, as noticed at the time ('Ibis/ 1862^ p. 283), the
Commissioners refused him the space he required^ and the
beautiful groups he had prepared remained for a long while
known only to his private friends. They have now been
placed in the Newcastle Museum *, for which he in his later
years unceasingly laboured, restoring, with that patient skill
of which he was so great a master, many of its historic speci-
mens that had come from the Allan and Tunstall collections
more than a century ago, and adding others from his own
stores set up witli a regard to truth and feeling that more
than one much-vaunted assemblage of mounted groups fails
to approach. Indeed, of Hancock's performances it may be
said that, unequal as they may be, the worst of them never
looks like a stuffed bird — the attitude of some may be un-
graceful or possibly forced, but life is always there. In 1874
Hancock brought out his most considerable literary work,
and that by which he will always be remembered, the ' Cata-
logue of the Birds of Northumberland and Durham.' It is
an unpretentious, sound piece of work ; its statements as to
fact may, Ave believe, be always trusted, and though assent
may be reserved in regard to some of its author's opinions
they are always worthy of attention as coming from a
very original mind. Several notices also from his pen occur
in 'The Ibis' (1862-1886).

It may here be remarked that in the ' Bibliographia Zoo-
logise,' compiled by Agassiz and edited by Strickland for the

* The group of Swans attacked by an Eagle is said to have given
Landseer the idea of one of his celebrated pictures ; but there is this
difference between the work of the two artists— the scene executed by
Hancock, tliough fanciful, is possible, that painted by Landseer is
impossible.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIS.' 181

Ray Society, the few publications (three only) of Mr. John
Hancock, therein entered, are ascribed to a namesake of his,
and the mistake, of which he was aware, but about which he
was wholly indifferent, has not been corrected by Carus and
Engelmann in their ' Bibliotheca Zoologica.' — A. Newton.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

iMR. W. C. HEWITSON.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF 'tHE IRIS.'' 3 83

Mr. W. C. HEWITSON.

William Chapman Hewitson, second son of Mr. Middleton
Hewitson, was born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne on January 9th,
1806. He was educated at Kirkby Stephen and York,
and subsequently articled to Mr. John Tuke, land-surveyor
of York, in which city he resided until at least 1828,
though he was practising his profession in his native city
in 1831. He shewed his love for Natural History at an
early age, for he occupied himself with oological and
entomological pursuits at school, continued them at York,
and published tiie first part of his ' British Oology' in 1831,
the last in 1838. In that year we find him employed by
Messrs. Sturges at Bristol in the survey of the Exeter and
Bristol Railway, but he was again in his native town in
1839. Among the friends of his youth were Messrs. Albany
and John Hancock, Joshua Alder, and William Hutton,
while his determination to produce a book on British
Oology as a sequel to YarrelPs ' History of British Birds '
was strengthened, it not caused, by his visits to the
collection of Mr. R. R. Wingate, who set up so many of the
birds in the Museum at Newcastle. The second and third
editions of this work were entitled ' Coloured Illustrations
of the Eggs of British Birds '' and were issued in 1843-4 and
1856 respectively. At the same period we gather from the
pages of the ' Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists'
Field Club' and the ^Natural History Transactions of
Northumberland and Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne '
that he was by no means neglectful of the pursuit of
Entomology, and was amassing rich collections of British
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.

In February 1829 a few members of the Literary and
Philosophical Society at Newcastle banded themselves to-
gether to form a society for the study of Natural History,

]84 COXTKIBUTOKS TO THE FlllSiT SERIES OF 'THE IBIS.'

which became the Natural History Society of Northumber-
hmd, Durham, and Xewcastle-upou-Tyne, and held its first
meeting on August 19tb of the same year. Hewitson was
a member of the first Committee, and one of the Secretaries
in 1833 and 1834 ; while later he became a Vice-President,
and contributed several papers to the 'Transactions.'

In 1832 he travelled to the Shetland Islands, and returned
with a fine series of eggs, and then in 1833 he accompanied
his friends John Hancock and Benjamin Johnson to Norwaj^
with a view to exploring that country for eggs, insects, and
plants, and ascertaining the breeding-haunts of certain of
our winter migrants. Starting from Newcastle on a Scotcli
brig the party reached Trondhjem on May 16th and pro-
ceeded on foot, with tlieir outfit in a cart, to Rodoe, a small
island just within the Arctic Circle. Thence they journeyed
by boat, examining not only the islands, but the mountains,
lakes, and waterfalls of the mainland; and of this journey
Hewitson wrote out a full journal, illustrated by sketches
originally made by himself, and supplemented by a map
shewing the track followed. This journal was the joint
compilation of Hewitson and Hancock, and they record that
they w ere not far from being starved on one occasion, when
confined by bad weatber to an island.

It was three mouths before the friends returned to Leith,
with the spoils of a most successful expedition; for Ave are
told in Mr. Embleton's memoir, cited below, that they
brought back eggs of the Capercaillie, Fieldfare, Redwing,
Turnstone, Golden-eyed Duck, and other rarities.

In 1840, Hewitson left Newcastle for the South, and took
up his residence successively at Bristol and Hampstead. In
1843 he and his brothers inherited the property of his uncle
Henry Hewitson of Seatoii Burn, and he was enabled to give
up his profession of land-surveyor. A few years afterwards
another uncle, Joshua Hewitson, died and left him the
estate of Heckley, which he sold to the Duke of North-
umberland. In 1848, after a last expedition with John
Hancock to Switzerland and the Alps, where he made a fine
collection of Diurnal Lepidoptera, as will be seen from his

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^ THE IBIs/ 185

" Remarks on the Butterflies of Switzerland " in the third
volume of the ' Zoologist/ he settled down at Oatlands Park
in Surrey, having purchased some twelve acres of land and
Ijuilt thereon a house, surrounded by splendid cedars and
oaks, in which he was always glad to receive those interested
in his favourite subjects. During the last thirty years o£
his life Hewitson devoted himself specially to Entomology,
one of the results being the publication (1852-1877) of his
' IllustratioDS of Exotic Butterflies/ He drew on stone all
the figures of his Lepidoptera with minutest accuracy, and
also himself coloured them. He w^as a Member of several
learned bodies, including the Entomological, Zoological, and
Linnean Societies, and a valued friend of Alfred Newton,
Wolley, Yarrell, and other Naturalists in the south of
England.

Hewitson died at Oatlands Park on May 28th, 1878, his
wife, whom he married in 1853, having predeceased him iu
1854. Though wiry, he w^as of a nervous temperament and
at times hypochondriacal owing to dyspepsia, while occasional
fainting fits also weakened his constitution.

His estate at Oatlands Park was bestowed upon his lifelong-
friend John Hancock, while, besides bequests to charities and
so forth, he left his entire collection of Butterflies to the
British Museum, and, failing the acceptance of his con-
ditions, to the Natural History Society of Northumberland,
Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

A full list of Hewitson^s works will be found in the Natural
History Transactions of that Society (vol. vii. pp. 232-235)
at the conclusion of an obituary notice by Dr. Embleton,
from which (by kind permission of the Council) the present
account has been extracted.

SER, IX. VOL. TI., JUB.-SUl'PL.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Colonel L. H. IRBY.

COXTRIBVTORS TO Till; FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IRIS.' 18<

Colonel L. H. IRBY.

Lieut. -Colonel Leonard Howard Loyd Irby^ who died on
May 14th, 1905, at 14 Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park,
N.W., was the fourth son of the late Rear- Admiral the
Hon. Frederick Paul L*by, C.B., R.N., the second son of
the second Lord Boston. He was born in 1836 and was
educated at Rugby, On May 5th, 1854, he was gazetted
as Ensign in the 90th Light Infantry, and six months later
proceeded with it to the Crimea. He served at the siege of
Sebastopol throughout the terrible winter of 1854-55,
receiving the medal and clasp and Turkish medal, and. was
pronioted Captain, February 24th, 1857. The same year,
upon troops being' dispatched to China, the 90th L.I. were
ordered thither. Three companies — Capt. Garnet Wolseley's
(afterwards Field-Marshal Viscount AVolseley), Capt. Irby's,
and another — sailed in H.M. Troopship 'Transit,' on April
8th, 1857.

On the voyage out the vessel was wrecked in the Straits
of Banca, near Sumatra, and became a total loss. The
British soldiers were lauded on a small island adjacent to
the scene of the wreck, and after ten days the ' Dove '
gunboat arrived, bringing the startling news of the great
Sepoy Rebellion, and further orders that the 90th, in place
of continuing the voyage to China, were to go to Calcutta.
Thither the regiment proceeded, via Singapore, arriving on
August 11th, 1857. From Calcutta they made a forced
march of some 700 xniles to Cawnpore, arriving there whilst
evidences of the terrible massacre were yet visible on all
sides. Here Irby came in for a great deal of fighting, his
" record " including the relief of Lucknow under Lord
Clyde, the defence of the Alum Bagh under Outram, and
the siege and fall of Lucknow.

From his earliest days Irby had been profoundly interested

o2

188 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^ THE IBIS.'

in natural history, and his diary of his voyage in the
'Transit/ and of the following months of incessant marching
and fighting in India^ is interspersed everywhere witli
entries relating to the birds and other animals which he
had shot or seen.

Lord Wolseley, in his ' Story of a Soldier's Life/ makes
frequent allusions to Irby's well-known tastes^ and describes
several amusing scenes which occurred. Thus, when on
board the * Transit/ Wolseley, who occupied a cabin along
with Irby, writes : " A few days after we left the Cape, I
remai'ked a horrible smell in our cabin, and upon snitfing
about I found it came from the skin of a Wild Cat carefully
pinned upon a board to dr3\ In my anger I threw it
overboard "

Another entry is highly characteristic of Irby's ways.
Lord Wolseley, describing the life at the Alum Bagh, says :
^^ There were some jeels where my old chum Irby, an
unerring shot, managed often to pick up a few Wild Duck.
He had a curious soldier-servant whom he had trained as a
retriever, and no matter how deep the water was where the
duck fell, he quickly brought it to his master."

For his services in the Mutiny, Captain Irby received the
medal with two clasps and was granted " a Year's Service."
After the suppression of the Mutiny, he remained in India
until his return to England in September 1860. On June
2nd, 1864, he was promoted to be Major in the 90tli, and in
October 1864 he exchanged into the 74tli Highlanders.
In 1868 he proceeded with his new Regiment to Gibraltar,
and served there until February 4th, 1871, w^hen he accepted
promotion to a half-pay Lieut. -Colonelcy. Three years
later he retired from the Service.

Irby's devotion to the study of Natural History never
failed him, even in the most adverse circumstances. Before
Sebastopol he managed in brief intervals when off duty to
shoot and skin a variety of birds at the head of Balaclava
Harbour and other localities within the extremely limited
region accessible to the British Army engaged in the siege.
Visitors to his house will recall, among these, a Great

COXTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^ THE IBIs/ 189

White Heron avid a Bittern obtained there. It can easily
be imagined that India opened up a wide field for his
energies and researches. It was not, however, until 1868,
when he first went to Gibraltar, that he came across a field
which lie was destined to make largely his own. At this
time our knowledge of the birds of the Spanish Peninsula
was extremely limited, and what was then known Avas
mainly due to Lord Lilford, who had visited the country
on several occasions and had contributed papers on its birds
to "^The Ibis' in 1865 and 1866. It was a happy chance
that the two had been most intimate friends from pre-
Crimean days in Dublin.

^lajor Irby now devoted much time to a thorough study
of the birds of S.TV. Andaiucia and of the opposite coast
of Barbary. He had, however, at this time, and indeed
throughout his life, an invincible objection to publishing
any account of his experiences, and it was largely due to
Lord Lilford that he was at last induced to set about his
book on the Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar, which,
together Avith Lord Lilford's work, has formed the basis of
nearly all the writings on the subject which have since
appeared.

This book came out in 1875 and is full of valuable
information, much of which was at the time entirely new,
on the fauna of this region.

Colonel Irby was a man of marked individuality, and at
all times most willing to give assistance and information to
those whom he viewed as genuine students of Natural
History, but he had an undisguised detestation of the race
of " collectors " and wanton destroyers of bird-life. Tlie
present writer will never forget the outpour of indignation
by Colonel Irby upon the owner of a private collection who
exhibited with pride whole trays-full of Choughs' and
Peregrines' eggs, in tlie collection of which entire districts
had been mercilessly harried and the beautiful and harmless
Chough practically exterminated — at least in one locality.
Colonel Irby's wrath against such men was a thing not to
be forgotten, and he always declaimed against the baneful

190 C0XTH115UT011S TO THK Fl K8T SKUIKS OF ^ THE 115IS.'

habit of private collectors aiming at securing '^British
specimens " of birds or eggs.

Another characteristic trait of Colonel Irby was his
strongly expressed contempt for that class of naturalists,
unfortunately not infrequently met with nowadays, who
appropriate the information obtained from others, usually
of wider experience and knowledge, and embody the same
in their Avritings and books without any acknowledgment.

It was this deep-seated feeling which in later years often
made him loth to write on matters of unquestionable;
interest, especially to ornithologists^ for he argued that to
do so would be but to supply further material for un-
scrupulous book-makers !

It was whilst he was smarting under treatment of this sort,
that Lord Lilford and Col. Willoughly Verner were, happily,
successful in inducing Colonel Irby to bring out an enlarged
Second Edition of his admirable ' Ornithology of the
Straits of Gibraltar.' Lord Lilford supplied the fine
coloured plates which make so attractive a part of the
book^ while the present writer gave his own notes on
Southern Spain, covering the period 1874-1891, as well as
sundry illustrations, which were duly incorporated and
acknowledged in the most generous manner. This work,
published in 1895_, will probably remain the standard
authority on the Birds of S.W. Andalucia for an indefinite
time.

It has sometimes been said that Colonel Irby failed to
record certain species which have since been proved to occur
in the districts described. This is to some extent true, but
is the best testimony to the accuracy and thoroughness of
his work; for he would never admit species into his lists
unless fully convinced personally as to their absolute
authenticity. In sundry " Lists of Birds observed,^' pub-
lished in recent years, it would have been well if Colonel
Irby's views on this point had been adopted. He never
ceased to make scathing allusions to the marvellous powers
claimed by some individuals " who profess to identify all
and every species within the range of their vision, even to

CONTRIRUTDKS TO THE FIKST SICHIKS OF ' THE IBIS.' 191

distinguish a Common from a Lesser Kestrel at any distance
M'lien seen from a passing train " !

An invaluable work to Students of Ornithology in these
Islands is Colonel Irby's ' British Birds : Key-List/ Avliich
he wrote in 1887-88, and a Second Edition of which appeared
in 1892. A list of his papers in 'The Ibis ' will be found in
the General Subject-Index, beginning from the year 1861.

As is well known, he had exceptionally strong views on
the subject of what lie ever described as "the needless
multiplication of species/' and denounced the same in no
uncertain language. Of this he once wrote : — " The un-
fortunate part of ornithology, as at the present practised, is
that it is chiefly confined to the slaughter of birds, whose
skins, when compared and examined by table naturalists,
are, upon the slightest variation of plumage, made into
a new species without anj^ knowledge of their habits,
notes, &c."

As a Member of the Zoological Society of London, Irby
took a keen interest in the management of the Gardens and
served on the Council from 189.2 to 1900. Many of the
beautiful Life-groups of Birds and their nests at the British
Museum of Natural History, Cromwell Road, were obtained
by Colonel Irby, some of the earliest having been taken in
1884.

The writer of this notice first made Colonel Irby's ac-
quaintance when quartered at Gibraltar in May 1877, twenty-
eight years before his death, and from that time, and indeed
until within a few^ weeks of his decease, made numerous
expeditions Avitli him in Southern Spain, as well as to many
wilder portions of the British Isles. Added to his thorough
acquaintance with all appertaining to bird-life, Colonel Irby
had a considerable knowledge of Lepidopterous Insects and
of Plants. A most interesting and amusing companion, he
was also a warm-hearted and staunch friend, whose quaint
habits and forcible sayings will long be remembered by all
who knew him. — Willoughby Verner.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Major T. C. JERDON.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES Or ^ THE IBIS.' 193^

Mr. T. C. JERDON.

By the death of Thomas Caverhill JercToii, in his 61st
year^ the science of ornithology lost one of its most zealous
supporters^ and at a time too^ when, by his return to
England after a long sojourn in India, the remainder of a
useful life might have been spent in the revision of much
valuable work published at different times during his resi-
dence abroad. Mr. Jerdon was the son of Mr. Archibald
Jerdon^ of Bonjedward, Roxburghshire, and was born in
1811. In 1835 he entered the service of the Hon. East-
India Company as Assistant Surgeon in the Presidency of
Madras. In 1844 he published his first work on zoology,
the ' Illustrations of Indian Ornithology.' Mr. Jerdon's
name, however^ will be best known to ornithologists by
his work on the Birds of India^ which was issued in 1862.
This book has unquestionably proved of incalculable ser-
vice in promoting the study of ornithology in India. The
edition was speedily sold; and we believe that it was the
author's intention to have published a second edition,
incorporating all the materials that he had since collected,
both from his own observations and those of others. The
"Supplementary Notes" published in this Journal, and
continued down to the end of the Timeliidse, were intended
to prepare the way for this second edition.

Mr. Jerdon had special facilities granted him by the
Indian Government to enable him to bring out the ' Birds
of India/ and in collecting the material for his Avork he
visited the greater part of India, as well as Assam and
Burmah. His knowledge of birds was very great; but he
studied them, not by amassing their skins, as is the usual,
and perhaps the best, way, but by committing, as it were,
their peculiarities to memory, Avith the aid of copious notes
and sketches.

194 CO.XTKIIUTOUS TO TlU: FIK.ST SKKIKS OF '^ THE IJUs/

Mr. Jcrdon was elected an Honorary ^Member of our
Union in 1864; on his return to England, at liis own
request he was placed on the list of Ordinary Members.
He died on the 12th of June, 1872, after a long and tedious
illness originally contracted in Assam, which not even the
change to the climate to Europe enabled him to shake off.
His first paper in ' The Ibis ' Avas published in 1862, his last
letter in 1870.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

SIR JOHN KIRK.

COXTRIBUTOKS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IRls/ 195

Sir JOHN KIRK.

Sir John Kirk, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S., Avas born in
1832, and received his chief education at Edinburgh
University, where in 1854 he took his degree of M.D, ;
lie then proceeded to Asia Minor, where he served during
the Russian war, visiting and making large Rotanical
collections on the upper slopes of ]Mt. Olympus and
Mt. Ida. After travelling in Syria and Egypt he was
appointed by the Foreign Office to accompany Dr.
Livingstone as Chief Officer and Naturalist on the Govern-
ment Expedition under that distinguished explorer. On this
he served from 1858 until the return of the Expedition to
England in 1864. During this time large collections of
Birds, Mammals, and Plants were made, which are now
deposited in the Natural History Museum at South
Kensington and at Kew, and have been described in various
works.

In 1866 Sir John was appointed H.M. Vice-Consul at
Zanzibar, he became H.M. Consul-General in 1873, and was
promoted to be Agent Consul-General at Zanzibar in 1880.
He negotiated and signed the Treaty which in 1873 put a stop
to the slave markets and the slave trade throughout the
Zanzibar dominions, and negotiated and signed a Treaty
of Commerce with Zanzibar. He was also British
Plenipotentiary to the Brussels Conference of 1889-90,
at Avhich seventeen Powers agreed as to the steps
to be taken for regulating the trade in arms and spirits in
Africa, and for dealing generally with questions arising out
of the Slave Trade and supervision of vessels at sea. He
was a delegate at Brussels in 1890 to fix the import duties in
the ('Onventional Basin of the Congo, and was a member of
the Commission for the revision of Slave Trade Instructions
in 1891. In 1895 he was sent as Special Commissioner to the

196 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIS.'

Niger Delta, while he was appointed in 1895 bj" the Foreign
Office a Member of the Committee for the construction of
the Uganda Railway, of which he became Chairman.

He visited East Africa in 1903, inspecting the Railway,
then open as far as the Victoria Nyanza, and reached the
R-ipon Falls by steamer.

He is D.Sc. of Cambridge, D.C.L. of Oxford, and LL.D.
of Edinburgh, while he is Foreign Secretary of the Royal
Geographical Society. He is also an Honorary Member of
the Zoological Society, a Fellow of the Linnean Society,
and a Member of several foreign scientific bodies.

From the preceding details it will be seen that Sir John
Kirk has passed a long and honourable career in his
country's service ; but we must further draw attention to
his hardly less important services to science, and to his
connexion with ' The Ibis,' to which he contributed a paper
on the birds of Eastern Tropical Africa in 1861 (vol. vi. p. 307).
His active work has precluded him from publishing the
results of his various expeditions since his return to England,
but he has accumulated ample material at different times,
and has deposited it at Kew and at the British Museum,
with notes for the guidance of those who may work out the
collections.

[bis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. E. L. LAYARD.

COXTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIS.' 197

Mr. E. L. LAYARD.

Edgar Leopold Layard^ C.M.G., was elected an Ilouoran'
Member of the B. O. U. in 1860, and Avas therefore one of
our oldest as well as one of our most valued correspondents.
He was born at Florence on July 23rd, 1824_, and entered
the Civil Service of Ceylon Avhen twenty-two years of age ;
but after nine years his health gave way, and in 1855 he
accepted the invitation of the late Sir George Grey to a post
in the Civil Service at Cape Town. There he founded the
South-African Museum, and became its first curator; after
Avhich he accompanied Sir George Grey on a special mission
to New Zealand, and subsequently became judge and com-
missioner under the Slave Trade Treaties at the Cape.
Transferred to the Consular Service, he was for some years
at Para, at the mouth of the Amazons ; next he Mas sent to
Fiji, where he arranged the cession, and was decorated in
1875 ; he then resumed Consular Service at Noumea, New
Caledonia, and nltimately retired after forty-seven years'
hard work. Layard was not a producer of many books, and
his chief work in this line was ' The Birds of South Africa,'
published in 1867, of which a new and revised edition, with
the collaboration of Dr. Bowdler Sharpe, made its ap-
pearance between 1875-84. It is rather by his many and
varied articles from 1854 almost to the time of his much-
regretted death that he will be remembered ; and a column
of closely-printed type in the General Subject-Index to
' The Ibis ' testifies to his energy in our special subject.
Besides these, his bright and pleasant letters to ' The Field,'
under his own name or the pseudonym of ''Bos CafFer/'
were a source of much pleasure to the Ornithologists of his
generation. He died at Budleigh Salterton, Devon, on
January Ist^ 1900.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Dr. R. R. SHARPE.

CONTRIBrXOKS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/ lOl)

Dr. R. BOWDLER SHARPE.

Richard Rowdier Sharpe was born on the 22nd of
November^, 1847, being the eldest son of Thomas Rowdier
Sharpe, a well-known publisher in his day. At the age of
six he was sent to Brighton^ where his aunt, the widow of
the Rev. James Lloyd Wallace, formerly head-master of
Sevenoaks Grammar School, had a boy's school, to be well
grounded in Latin and Greek. At nine years of age he was.
transferred to Peterborough Gi'ammar School, of which his.
cousin, the Rev. James Wallace, had been appointed head-
master after his return from the Crimea, where he had served
as an Army-Chaplain. Within a few days of his arrival at
Peterborough, Sharpe gained a King's Scholarship, w^hicli
gave him a free education, while he was also a choir-boy in
the Cathedral. He left Peterborough with the Rev. James
Wallace, on the appointment of the latter to the head-
mastership of Loughborough Grammar School, and studied
there for some time, commencing his collection of bird-skins :
he had already made a large collection of eggs while at
Peterborough. He was afterwards sent, with the object of
studying for the army, to a private tutor at Steeple Gidding-^
in Huntingdonshire, the Rector, the Rev. C. Molyneux,
having been a school-fellow of his father's. Here he
remembers having seen the late Lord Lilford, Mith his
Falconer and a full train, hawking on Great Gidding Field.
Having no taste for mathematics, however, he did little
work, but devoted most of his time to bird-collecting and
taxidermy, making at the same time a considerable collection
of insects, and having always a large assortment of living
birds.

His father, mIio was then living at Cookham, Avislied the
boy to prepare for Oxford, as his mathematical training for
the Royal Engineers had proved a failure ; but the lad
thought of nothing but bird-collectiuff.

200 COXTRIBUTOKS TO THE TIUST SEKIKS OF "^THK IBIs/

His first paper, on the Birds of Cookliam and the neigh-
bourhood, appeared in the Journal of the High Wycombe
Natural History Society, and his collection of specimens,
made at this time, is in the Natural History Museum.

At last the old gentleman, who was like Gallio and cared
for none of these things, looked upon his son as good-for-
nothing, and sent him to London — not with the proverbial
shilling, but with a sovereign and a letter, which gained him
an immediate situation at Messrs. Smith and Sons, by whom
he was always treated most kindly and his natural history
tastes encouraged. He afterwards entered the service of the
late Mr. Bernard Quaritch, who remained, throughout his
life, a most kind and generous friend.

The Library of the Zoological Society having at this time
increased, to large proportions, it was determined l)y the
Council to appoint a Librarian, and on the recommendation
of the late Osbert Salvin and Dr. P. L. Sclater, the post
•was offered to Sharpe, and accepted by him. By this time
•he had commenced his first ornithological work, the " Mono-
graph of the Kingfishers,' and, owing to the advantages of the
Zoological Society^'s Library, he soon finished this book and
■commenced (with Mr. H. E. Dresser) the 'Birds of Europe.'
In May 1872, George Robert Gray died, and Sharpe was
appointed to succeed him at the British Museum and take
charge of the Bird Collection. He entered on his duties on
the 1 1th of September of that year. To write the ' Catalogue
of Birds,^ he was forced to give up the 'Birds of Europe/
which was completed by Mr. Dresser. Of the ' Catalogue of
]3irds ' he has written with his own pen thirteen and a half
out of the twenty-seven volumes, most of the work being
done in his un-officiai time. One of his most important con-
tributions to Ornithological Science has been the 'History
of the Bird-Collections in the British Museum,^ a history
Avliich occupied two years of his private time to write.

In 1891 he Avas created an LL.D. of the University of
Aberdeen, and in the same year received by an Imperial
Decree the great Gold Medal for Science from H.I.M. The
Emperor of Austria, the highest award for Science given by

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIS.' 201

that Sovereign. This medal was conferred on the occasion
of the Second Ornithological Congress at Budapest, when
Dr. Sharpe delivered his presidential address to Section A,
on tlie ' Classification of Birds.' He was also President of
Section A at the Third Ornithological Congress at Paris in
1900, and received from the President of the French Republic
his appointment as "Officier de I'Instruction publique." In
1905 Dr. Sharpe was President of the Fourth Ornithological
Congress in London, and will remain President of the
Permanent Ornithological Committee till 1910, when Pro-
fessor Anton Reichenow will undertake the duties.

Bowdler Sharpe was the first to conceive the idea of the
British Ornithologists' Club in 1902, and for some years
edited its 'Bulletin.' He is Foreign or Honorary Member
of all the principal Ornithological Societies of the world, and
has contributed a very large number of papers to ' The Ibis,'
as will be seen from the pages of the General Subject-Index.

His work has not been limited to the birds of any
particular country, but those of Africa have always been a
favourite subject of investigation with him, while one of his
best-known works is his edition of Layard's ' Birds of South
Africa.'

«ER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUrPL.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908,

Capt. J. H. SPEKE.

COXTRIB UXORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF '^THE IBIS.' 203

Capt. J. H. SPEKE.

John Hanniiig Speke, the second son of William Speke, of
Jordans near Ilchester in Somerset, was born at that place on
the 4th of May, 1827. He was educated for the army, in
which his father had been a captain, and joined the 46th
regiment, Bengal Native Infantry, in 184J'. He served in the
Punjab campaign under Sir Hugh Gough, and in the Sikh
war under Sir Colin Campbell, becoming a lieutenant in 1850
and a captain in 1852. A good sportsman, as well as a
botanist and geologist, he visited both the Himalayas and
Tibet, while on his way home from India in 1854 he fell in with
an Expedition, which was then about to start for Somali-land
under the leadership of Lieutenant Burton, who afterwards
made the name of Sir Richard Burton so celebrated. Speke
became attached to this Expedition and was sent ahead to
examine the nearer portions of the district. Severe wounds
received in a skirmish with the Somalis, however, necessi-
tated a return on sick leave to England, which he left soon
afterwards, as a volunteer, for the Crimea, where he remained
at Kertcli with the Turkish regiment to which he was
attached until the Avar ended.

Another African expedition was at this time being pro-
jected by Burton, and Speke was appointed a member at that
officer's suggestion. This expedition, though backed by the
Home and Indian Governments, took its instruction? from
the Royal Geographical Society, and the travellers were
ordered to proceed from Kilwa to investigate the report which
had reached Europe of the Lake Nyassa, and to explore the
intervening country. Starting from Bombay on December
3rd, 1856, and landing at Zanzibar, Burton and Speke skirted
the coast-lands and finally turned towards the interior at
Kaoli, proceeding by way of Zungonero, Ugogo, and Ukimba
to Kaze. Acting on information received from the Arabs, the

p2

20i CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIKS OI' ' THE IBIS.

expedition forced its way to the unknown Lake Tanganyika,
in spite of the illness of both its leaders, and Speke crossed
the lake from Kabogo to Kasenge, reporting to Burton his
belief that he had seen the so-called ^Mountains of the
Moon to the northward. It was necessary to return to
Kaze to recruit, and there Speke persuaded Burton to allow
him to push on to the still larger northern lake, of the
existence of which they had been informed.

Leaving the camp on July 9th, 1858, with a small band of
followers, Speke succeeded in obtaining a good view of the
lake on August 3rd, and named it the Victoria Nyanza. On
his return to Kaze, Burton did not fully credit the fact that he
had discovered the sources of the Nile, and a coolness arose
between the two friends, which resulted in Speke^s return to
England in 1859, where he duly reported to the Royal
Geographical Society and lectured on the discovery of the
two lakes at Burlington House. Sir Roderick Murchison
was at that time President of the Society, and he promptly
arranged for a further expedition under Speke's command,
a proceeding which Burton seems to have resented on his
arrival — the rupture being accentuated by the publication by
the latter of his work on ' The Lake Regions of Equatorial
Africa.' Speke nevertheless returned to Africa with an
Indian fellow-officer, Capt. J. H. Grant, being instructed by
the aforesaid Society to verify his results and explore the
Victoria Nyanza. They proceeded on September .20th, 1860,
from Zanzibar to Kaze, and, in spite of illness and the
attacks of the natives, penetrated again from Tanganyika to
the northern lake ; thence they pushed on to Uganda, where
King Mtesa shewed himself fairly friendly. Kamrasi, king
of Unyoro, on the other hand, was hostile, and it was with
difficulty that Speke marched through his land to Urondogani
on the Nile, which he reached on July 21st, 1862. Subse-
quently he followed that river to the spot where it leaves the
Victoria Nyanza and named it the Ripon Falls. Mtesa
would only allow a hasty survey, and Speke left with a few
boats, but he was obliged to land in Unyoro and proceed to
the palace of Kamrasi, who detained him for a considerable

COXTUIliUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF '^ THE IBIS.' 205

time. On November 9tli he was permitted to leave, followed
the Nile to Karuma Falls, thence struck across country to
De Bono's trading-station, and soon came into view of the
river once more. At Gondokoro he met Samuel Baker and
gave him the information that he had gathered as to the
Luta Nzigc (now the Albert Nyanza), which he considered a
mere backwater of the Nile. He also planned Baker's route
for him, and handed over to him a map which he had
prepared, the result being the discovery of tlie Albert Lake
by the latter. From Khartoum Speke forwarded a report to
the Royal Geographical Society, while on his return to
England he published his discoveries in full at their Special
Meeting held on June 2()th, 1863. The Founders' Medal of
the Society was bestowed upon him, as well as another by
the King of Sardinia, who had met him at Alexandria.

Besides various articles in periodicals, Speke published a
book entitled ' What led to the Discovery of the Nile ' and
another called ' Journal of the Discovery of the Source of
the Nile,' He was criticized by English and foreign
geographers for not having followed the river in all its
windings, and a discussion was arranged ,to take place
between him and Burton at the Bath Meeting of the British
Association in September, 1864 ; but before the day
appointed Speke accidentally shot himself while partridge-
shooting at Neston Park, and was buried on September 26th.

Capt. Speke contributed a paper on the birds which he met
with m Somali-land to 'The Ibis ' for 1800 (p. 243).

For fuller details the reader should consult the excellent
life of Speke in the ' Dictionary of National Biography/ to
which the writer of this notice is much indebted.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. ROBERT SWINHOE.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF '^ THE IBIs/ 207

Mr. R. SWINHOE.

Robert Swinlioe was born in Calcutta on the 1st of
September, 1836. He was brought to England at an early
age, and educated at King's College, London, of which he
was made an Honoraiy Fellow in 1863. On leaving King's
College he matriculated at the University of London in
1853, and in the following year passed as a supernumerary
Interpreter for the Consular Service in China. During his
residence in China he acted as Vice-Consul and Consul at
Amoy, Shanghai, Ningpo, and Chefoo, as well as in Eormosa.
His expeditions included : — a journey up the Yangtsze river as
far as the interior of Szechuen ; the circumnavigation of the
island of Formosa ; a visit to Hainan ; and a journey to Pekin,
whither he accompanied, as interpreter, the English forces
under General Napier and Sir Hope Grant. His last station
was Chefoo, whither he had gone, with the hope of regaining
health, in 1873. His malady, however, increasing, Swinhoe
quitted China in October 1873, and, retiring from the Consular
Service on a pension, lived in London till his death on the
28th of October, 1877.

During his stay in China, Swinlioe devoted the whole of
his spare time to working at the natural history of the different
places at which he resided, ornithology occupying a large
share of his attention. On the eve of his first departure from
England he made the acquaintance of our late Member,
Mr. H. Stevenson, It thus came to pass that some of
Swinhoe's first collections were consigned to Mr. Stevenson,
and that a portion of the birds passed into the Norwich
Museum, where they now are. Eut during his whole period
of work Swinhoe always reserved an extensive series of
specimens for his private collection, and used them for
reference in compiling the numerous papers that he was
constantly writing on his favourite subject. When Swinhoe

208 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/

first began his study of Chinese ornitliology our knowledge
of the birds of tliat country may be said to have been
almost nothing. No general account of the birds of China
had ever been published ; and all that was known of them
was of the most fragmentary description. The pages of the
* Proceedings ' of the Zoological Society and of this Journal
testify to Swinhoe's unremitting energy in his favourite
subject. Of all the papers he wrote on it^ the " Revised
List of Chinese Birds/^ published in the ' Proceedings ' for
1871, gives the best summary of what he did to advance
our knowledge of the Chinese avifauna.

During the latter part of the time that Swinhoe was working'
at the birds of the Chinese littoral, the interior of the country
was being most ably investigated by Pere Armand David ; so
that China^ instead of being the terra incognita as regards
our knowledge of its birds that it used to be, began to rank
amongst the fairly explored countries of the globe.

Swinhoe's communications to this Journal commenced in
1860, after which scarcely a number, and certainly no volume,
appeared without a contribution to its pages from him. His
last communication to us bears the date of the same month
as that of his death ; and the fine Formosan species there
described and figured, from a specimen obtained by Prof.
Steere, supplements his own important discoveries in the same
island.

Swinhoe was elected an Honorary Member of the British
Ornithologists^ Union in 1862, and passed to the list of
Ordinary Members at his own desire in 1876. He was a
Member of several of the scientific societies of London, as
well as a Fellow of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He was
elected a Fellow of the Boyal Society in 1876.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. G. C. TAYLOR.

CONTllIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^ THE IBIs/ 209

Mr. G. C. TAYLOR.

George Cavendish Taylor Avas tlic second son of the late
Mr. Frederick Farmer Taylor, of Chyknell, Salop, by a
grand-daughter of Charles Carroll of Carrolton, last survivor
of those who signed the Declaration of Independence of the
United States. He passed the first portion of his life as an
officer in the 95th Regiment, and served his country in the
Crimea and elsewhere ; after retiring from the army he
was in the Militia. He became a director of the London,
Chatham, and Dover Railway (1864-1889), while he was
also at one time a director of the Varna Railway, and was
interested in other commercial undertakings.

Mr. Taylor was an ardent sportsman and an excellent
shot, and from early life was a collector of birds, more espe-
cially those killed by his own gun, and a skilful preparer of
their skins.

In 1857-58 he visited Honduras in connexion with the
scheme then afloat for carrying an inter-oceanic railway
across that country. In company with the preliminary
surveying expedition for the proposed line, he crossed that
Republic from Fonseca Bay to Omoa, and made a considerable
collection of birds, of which he subsequently published an
account in this Journal. He was one of the early members
of the British Ornithologists' Union, and was an intimate
friend of many who belonged to it.

In 1861 Mr. Taylor made an expedition to Florida, of
which also an account was given to the readers of ' The Ibis.'
In 1872 he contril)uted to our Journal an account of his
observations in the Crimea, Turkey, the Sea of Azov, and
Crete duriug the years 1854-55. One of the specialities of
his private collection of birds was a series of Ruffs {Machetes
pugnax), illustrative of the highly variable plumage of the

210 COXTRIBUTOKS TO TIIK FIRST SERIES OF 'Tilt: IIUS.'

male of this species. This series \\'as fortunately secured Ijy
Prof. Flower for the National Collection. Mr. Taylor died
at his residence, 42 Elvaston Place, Queen's Gate, on
July 30th^ 1889, at the age of G3 years.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

1

Colonel S. R. TICKELL

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/ 211

Colonel S. R. TICKELL.

Samuel Richard Tickell was educated for tlie army, Avliich
lie entered in 1829; but after having served with the 31st
Bengal Native Infantry in the Kol campaign of 1832-33, he
exchanged a military life for civil employment till he finally
retired in 18(35. The wild districts on the S.W. frontier of
Bengal, in which, with the exception of a few months spent
in Nepal, he was em^iloyed from 1834 to 1817, offered a fine
field for a naturalist's exploration, and the ' Journal of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal^ for this period contains several
contributions from Tickell, both ethnological and zoological.
His paper on Oology in volume 17 of ' The Field' newspaper
gives the first published observations on. the nests and eggs
of the birds of the plains of India, and his paper on Manis
pentadactyla and its anatomy is prominently referred to by
Jerdon in his ' ]\Iammals of India/ He also contributed a
paper " On the Hornbills of India and Burma " to ' The
Ibis' for 1864 (vol. vi. p. 173).

In 1847 Tickell was transferred to Arakau, and the rest
of his service was spent in this ])rovince and in British
Burma. It was there for the most part that he worked at
the zoological drawings and memoirs which just before his
death he presented to the Zoological Society of London. At
one time he had projected with Blyth an illustrated Avork on
Indian Natural History. His later contributions to the
Bengal Journal comprise among others the description of a
new genus of the Gadidai, a full account of the habits of
Hylobates lar, and an interesting itinerary of a journey which
he made with Mr. Parish up the Altcran River. Appended
to this paper are notes containing much valuable zoological
and botanical information.

Col. Tickell, on his retirement, settled in France and the
Channel Islands. An inflammatory attack, the consequence

212 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/

of exposure while fishing on tlie coast of Brittany in 1870,
cost him the sight of one^ and ultimately of both eyes^ and
the last year of his life was one of great suffering. He died
at Cheltenham on April 20th, 1875.

This short account of Colonel Tickell^s life is chiefly taken
from the obituary notice in 'The Field ^ newspaper for 1875
(first half year), p. 566, to -vvhicli paper he constantly con-
tributed articles on the Game-birds and Wild-fowl of India
under the signature of " Ornithognomon/^ and on Sport
and Natural History under that of " Old Log/^ Papers
on Indian Ornithology from his pen will also be found in
'The Ibis/ I860, p. 297 ; 1863, p. Ill ; 1864, p. 173 : and
1876, p. 336.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Dr. a. R. WALLACE.

CONTRIBUTOKS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/ 213

Dr. a. R. WALLACE.

It must always afford the greatest pleasure to Members of
our Union to recall the fact that Dr. Wallace was one of the
earliest contributors to the pages of 'The Ibis/ and that he
was one of our first lionorarj'^ Members^ as long ago as the
year 1860. It would have been indeed a loss if so great an.
authority had failed to give us some account of the ornitho-
logical results of his travels, and if our " Darivmus alier,'"
as he was termed when presented for his Doctor's degree at
Oxford, had not initiated us into the mysteries of the Amazon
and the Malay Archipelago, so little understood at that date.

Alfred Russel Wallace, the son of Thomas Vere Wallace,
a gentleman of ancient Scottish lineage, was born at Usk in
Monmouthshire on January 8th, 1823, and was educated at
Hertford Grammar School under Mr. C. II. Crutwell. From
1838 onwards he acted as assistant to his brother William, a
land-surveyor and architect, in the counties of Bedford,
Eadnor, Brecon, Shropshire, and Glamorgan, where he made
some progress in Geology and Botany, but devoted himself
in particular to Entomology. He began to write articles,
though he did not eventually publish them, and on one occa-
sion lectured at Neath on the South Wales Fauna. So the
time passed until 1844, when he met at Leicester Mr. H. W.
Bates, then also mainly interested in Entomology. This
friendship was the turning-point of Wallace's career, for,
finding that he had no great liking for the teaching or other
professions which he had tried in turn, he decided to travel.
Darwin's 'Voyage' and Humboldt's 'Personal Narrative'
greatly influenced his decision, while his ideas were
encouraged in addition by Mr. E. Doubleday, of the British
Museum. The perusal of W. H. Edwards's ' Voyage to Para '
finally settled the exact destination, and Bates and Wallace
started in company in 1848 from Liverpool on the barque

214 COXTIUHUTORS TO TIIIC IIUST SERIES OF 'tHE IBIS.'

' Mischief of 192 tons register. Their joint explorations of
the mighty Amazon and the surrounding districts cannot ])e
given in detail here, but will he found in Bates's ' Naturalist
on the Amazon ' and Wallace's ' Travels on the Amazon/
while the latter contributed a paper to the ' Proceedings ' of
the Zoological Society of London for 1850 (p, 206). The
fauna and flora were very thoroughly investigated, but
unfortunately Wallace lost all his valuable collections while
on his return to England in 1852. He had started from
Parii in the ' Helen/ which took fire during her voyage, and
the passengers spent no less than ten days and ten nights in a
boat before they were picked up by the ' Jordeson/ which
finally landed them at Deal.

On reaching Engknd the subject of our notice Avas not
long in making the acquaintance of the great scientific men
of the time, and he soon began a long course of scientific
writings with a paper on INIonkeys, read before the Zoological
Society. He visited Switzerland in 1853, and Avas sufficiently
struck by that country to return there on two subsequent
occasions. During this year he published his ' Travels on
the Amazon' and his 'Palm Trees of the Amazon.'

In 1854 Wallace left England by himself on the P. & O.
steamer ' Bengal ' for Singapore, whence he journeyed
through many parts of the Malay Archipelago, to Borneo,
Macassar, Celebes, the Moluccas, New Guinea, Timor, Java,
and Sumatra, making large collections and gathering an
immense amount of the most varied information. As a
result he became deeply impressed by the idea of " Natural
Selection" in regard to the perpetuation of species, and
forwarded to England an essay entitled ' On the Tendency
of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original Type.'
Though Wallace was unaAvare of the fact at the time, Darwin
had since 1837 been Avorking on similar lines, and the
appearance of this essay in London was the first link of a
chain that finally resulted in the production of the 'Origin
of Species,' which Darwin himself tells us C Life and Letters
of Charles Darwin/ vol. ii. p. 115) might never have been
completed, at least in its present form, but for the incentive

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBls/ 215

furnished by Waliace^s paper. It will be seen from the
* Life and Letters' cited above (vol. ii. pp. 11(3 secjq.) that
Darwin felt so strongly that Wallace had been actually the
first to proclaim his views publich', that he went so far as to
doubt whether it would be honourable or fair to his fellow-
worker to publish his own memoir on the subject written as
early as 1844, although both Sir Charles Lyell and Sir
Joseph Hooker had been cognisant of it for many years,
fearing that it might detract from the value of Wallace's
work. He was most anxious that Wallace's Essay should l)e
published as soon as possible. Of this proceeding Sir
Charles Lyell and Sir Joseph Hooker highly approved {' Life
and Letters/ vol. ii. p. 115), "provided that Mr. Darwin did
not withhold from the public, as he was strongly inclined to
do (in favour of j\Ir. Wallace), the memoir which he had
himself written on the same subject . . ." A joint paper
was therefore prepared for the Linncan Society, Avhich was
published in its ' Journal ' for 1858 (vol. iii. p. 53j under the
title " On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on
the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means
of Selection.^' It consisted of Wallace's Essay, Avitli the
addition by Darwin of (1) Extracts from the above-mentioned
' Sketch ' of 1844, (2) part of a letter addressed by him to
Dr. Asa Gray in 1857; the whole being communicated to
the Society by Lyell and Hooker, who explained the
circumstances under which it was published in a prefatory
letter. In this manner, by the co-operation of two great
scientific men, were the views which were to revolutionize
zoology brought before the world.

During his travels Wallace paid much attention to the
unconscious mimicry of birds and insects, and to the
geographical distribution of the various forms ; while he made
the personal acquaintance of nearly every species of Paradise
Bird then known, and first brought to the notice of
naturalists the curious Seiniopiera ivallacii of Batchiau.

On his return to England in 1862 he was successful in
conveying home two live specimens of Paradisea minor, which
were deposited in the Zoological Gardens in London.

216 COXTKIHUTOKS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/

In 1866 Wallace married Aiiniej eldest daughter of
AVilliam Mitten^ of Hurstpierpoint ia Sussex^, and settled
down permanently to work at Natural and Social Science,
residing at different times in Kent, Surrey, and Dorset.

The list of publications below shew the important nature
of his work, but they do not give any adequate idea of the
whole, unless account is also taken of his many contributions
to periodical literature. The titles of his papers in ^ The
Ibis ' alone fill the greater part of a column in our General
Subject-Index.

In 1886-1887 Wallace was lecturing in America, and he
Jias since devoted himself mainly to writing on social
subjects.

Of the degrees bestowed upon him we may note LL.D,
Dublin in 1882, D.C.L. Oxford in 1889, while in the Birth-
day Honours for 1908 he was awarded the Order of Merit.
He is a Fellow of the Royal Society and other scientific
bodies.

On July 1st, 1908, at a Special Meeting of the Linnean
Society, he was the first recipient of the Darwin-Wallace
Medal, struck to commemorate the 50th anniversary of
the reading of the joint paper already mentioned, and
in November of the same year he was awarded the Copley
Medal of the Royal Society.

Chief Works connected w'ltli Natural Science.

Travels on the Amazon. 1853 ; new edition 1889.

Palm Trees of the Amazon. 1853.

The Malay Archipeiao-o. 18G9 ; new editions from 1872 to 1898.
*Natural Selection. 1870.

The Geographical Distribution of Animals. 1876.

Articles on Acclimatization and on Distribution : ' Zoology,' for the
' Encyclop;edia Britannica.'
*Tropical Js"ature. 1878.

Australasia. 1879 ; new edition 1893.

Island Life. 1880 ; third edition 1882.

Darwinism. 1889; third edition 1901.

Man's Place in the Universe. 1903 : new edition 1904.

My Life. 1905.

* Tliese two works were issued jointl}' in 1891.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908,

MR. C. A. WRIGHT.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OP ' THE IBIs/ 217

Mr. C. a. WRIGHT.

Charles Augustus Wright, of Kayhough, Kcw Gardens
Road, Avas the sou of Mr, John Wright, of Cumberland
Terrace, Regeiit^s Park ; he was born on April 2nfl, 1834,
and in 1841 settled in the island of Malta, where, during
a residence of thirty-three years, he occupied himself in
working at the Natural History of the group. As founder
and Editor of the '^ Malta Times,^ he took a large part in the
politics of the day, Avhile as special Mediterranean corre-
spondent of ' The (London) Times ' he was the author of
various articles on naval matters. He was by no means
neglectful of the antiquities and fossils of Malta, and was
at one time Vice-President of its Archaeological Society ;
but his chief bent was in the direction of Ornithology,
Conchology, and Botany, in all of which branches of science
he amassed large collections. He was a Fellow of the
Linnean and Zoological Societies, and a member of various
local bodies, while he was elected to our Union in 1875, on
his iinal return from the Mediterranean. The Order of
Knight of the Crown of Italy was subsequently conferred
on him, in 1883, in recognition of his ornithological studies.

Mr. Wright Avas one of the very early contributors to
'The Ibis,^ and furnished it with several important papers
on the Birds of Malta and Gozo between 18G3 and 1874, the
first being an account of a visit to the islet of Filfila. He
also wrote in Maltese on " Birds observed in Malta and
Gozo'^ for the "^ Maltese Encyclopaedia of Natural History^
in 1862, and published an article in the '^Proceedings' of
the Zoological Society of Loudon for 1875 on the peculiar
Weasel of the island, while he was recognised as the greatest
authority on the Natural History of the group. He died in
"> 907, in his 74th year.

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. H, E. DRESSER.

OFFICIALS, OTHER THA\ THOSE TO BE FOUND ABOVE. 219

Mr. H. E. dresser.

Henry Ecles DresseVj a scion of an old family of yeomen
— freeholders who had resided in the North Riding of York-
shire for nearly three centuries, — was born on May 9tli,
1838, at the Thirsk Banh, of which his grandfather was
the founder. His father, being a younger son, had to strike
out a line for himself, and abont 1845 started as a Baltic
timber merchant in London. In consequence of this change
of residence, Henry Dresser, in 18 17, Avas sent to a private
school at Bromley, in Kent, and subsequently in 1852 to a
German school near Hamburg. In 1854 he went to Gefle
and Upsala to a tutor to learn Swedish, and on the way
home stayed at Gothenburg, where he worked at mounting
birds in the Museum with Malm. In 1856 he went to St.
Petersburg, and thence to Finland, where he entered the
office of a large timber merchant to learn the details of the
trade; in 1857 he travelled through Finland on business,
then through Sweden, and finally reached home by Christmas
of that year. In 1858 he travelled all round the Baltic on
business, and when at Uleaborg in Finland took the nest of
the Waxwing. Later in the same year he was for some time
in France and Italy.

In 1859 he went to New Brunswick as temporai-y assistant-
manager on a timber estate, but returned in the latter part
of 1860. In 1861 and early in 1862 he travelled in Sweden,
Finland, Russia, and Prussia, and in 1862 went out again
to New Brunswick as manager of the timber estate for a year
till a new manager could be appointed. Early in 1863 he took
a cargo out to the Confederate States, to Texas, and remained
there for over eighteen months, returning to London on
business in the late autumn of 1864, From 1864 to 1870
he travelled abroad every year, and visited Spain twice,
Russia three times, Turkey, Austria, Italy, Servia, Bulgaria,
Roumania, and other parts. In 1870 he started business at

Q <>

220 OFFICIALS, OTHER THAX THOSE TO BE FOUND ABOVE.

110 Cannon Street, in the metal trade. He also commenced
the '' Birds of Europe' with Mr. R. B. Sharpe, who, however,
left him to continue the work alone when he entered the
British Museum. In 1878 he married, and did not go abroad
that year, but from 1870 to the present year (1908) he has
been abroad every spring or autumn, and in every case has
made use of his time to work at Ornithology and Oology.

He could make a fair skin of a bii'd when he went to
school in Germany in 1852, and first commenced to collect
eggs in that year, but in 1854 he began to amass both skins
and eggs systematically. His collection of between 11,000
and 12,000 bird-skins has been at Owens College Museum,
Manchester, since 1899, but he still retains his series of
Palsearctic eggs.

He joined the B. O. U. in 1865 ; indeed, had he not been
prevented by absence abroad, he might have been one of the
original members. In 1882 he became Secretary, a post
which he held until 1888. To 'The Ibis' he has been a
constant contributor.

The following are Mr. Dresser's chief works, not to mention
a large number of important papers in periodicals, chiefly
on Oology : —

A History of the Birds of Europe (inclucliug- all the Species inhabiting

the Western Palfearctic Eegion). 8 vols. 4to. London, 1871-81.

With 633 hand-coloured Plates.
A List of European Birds, including all Species found in the Western

Palsearctic Region. 8vo. London, 1881.
A Monograph of the Meropidse, or Family of the Bee-eaters. 1 vol.

Small folio. London, 1884-86. With 34 haud-coloured Plates.
A Monograph of the Coraciidas, or Family of the Rollers. 1 vol. Small

folio. Farnborough, Kent, 1893. With 27 hand-coloured Plates.
Eversmann's Addenda ad celeberrimi Pallasii Zoographiani Rosso-

Asiaticam. Aves, Fasc. I.-III. 8vo. Kasani, 1835-42, Facsimile

reprint, edited by H. E. Dresser. London, 1876.
Supplement to the Birds of Europe. 4to. London, 1895-1896, with 89

plates.
Manual of Palsearctic Birds. 8vo. London, 1902-1903.
Eggs of the Birds of Europe. 4to. London. Parts I. -XIV. (still in

process of publication).

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

{

V 5-^ It^

MR. E. W. GATES.

OFFICIALS^ OTHER THAN THOSE TO BE FOUXD ABOVE. 2.21

Mr. E. W. gates.

Eugene William Gates was born at Girgenti, Sicily, on the
31st of December, 1845, and was educated partly at the
Sydney College, Bath, and partly by tutors. In 1867 he
passed, by competitive examination, into the Public Works
Department of the Government of India, and was posted to
Burma, where he soon commenced to investigate the orni-
thology of the Province. In 1881 he returned to England,
on two years^ leave, with a large collection of birds, and wrote
the '^ Birds of British Burniah' in two volumes. In 1886
he was requested by Dr. W. H. Blanford, the Editor of the
' Fauna of British India,^ to undertake the portion dealing
with birds. For this purpose he came to England in 1888,
again on two years^ leave, and wrote the first two volumes,
comprising the Passeres. Unable to obtain an extension of
leave in order to comiDlete the work, he returned to Burma in
1890. While thus engaged, he also brought out a second
edition of ' The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds ' in three
volumes, Mr. A. G. Hume having made over to him for that
purpose all his notes and correspondence on the subject.

In 1897 Mr. Gates revisited England, and in 1898 and the
succeeding year published the ' Game Birds of India ' in two
volumes. In 1898 the Trustees of the British Museum
engaged his services for the purpose of cataloguing the large
collection of Birds' Eggs in that Institution. He prepared
the manuscript of four volumes, treating of about 50,000
specimens. The first two volumes were printed luider his
superintendence, but in 1902 he was compelled to abandon
the work, owing to severe illness, and the next two volumes
•were completed, with additions to date, and printed under
the supervision of Captain Savile G. Reid. The work has
not yet been brought to a conclusion, but the fifth volume
is under prepai\ation by Mr. W. R. Ggilvie-Grant.

2.t22 OFFICIALS^ OTHKK THAN" THOSE TO HE FOUXD ABOVE.

Ill June 1898 Mr. Oates was elected to the post of Secretary
to tlie British Ornithologists^ Union, and held that position
till May 1901. During this period he edited a General
Subject-Index to 'The Ibis/ 1859-1894, Avhich had been
very carefully compiled by the late Mr. G. A. Doubleday.

Mr.[Oates retired from the Service in March 1899 and
has continued to reside in England since that date.

Ibis. Jub.SuppI., 1908,

MR. HOWARD SAl^NDERS.

OFFICIALS, OTHER THAN THOSE TO BE FOUND ABOVE. 223

Mr. HOWARD SAUNDERS.

Howard Sauuders, noted both as a traveller and an orni-
thologist, was a conspicuous figure among the zoologists
o£ the Metropolis ; and his writings, marked as they were
by exceptional care and accuracy, will serve as a model for
many future generations. He spared no pains to make his
own work as perfect as possible, and was never known to
refuse his aid, in the interest of science, to those occupied
in similar pursuits, while his various activities were only
terminated by his death, which occurred at his London
residence, 7 Radnor Place, W., on October 20th, 1907, at
the age of 72 years, after a long illness borne with the
greatest fortitude.

The son of Alexander and Elizabeth Saunders, he was
born in London on Sept. 16th; 1835, and received his early
education at Leatherhead and Rottingdean, subsequently to
which he entered the office of Anthony Gibbs & Sons,
merchants and bankers in the City. The foreign associa-
tions of that Avell- known firm caused his thoughts to turn
in the direction of South America, and, being naturally of
an adventurous and energetic disposition, in 1855 he deter-
mined to leave England on a journey to Brazil and Chile.
In 1856 he rounded Cape Horn on the way to Pcrn"^, where
he resided continuously till 1860. That country offered to
an explorer, and particularly to an ornithologist, magni-
ficeut opportunities, of which Saunders was not slow to avail
himself, while, not content with these., he occupied his time
to a considerable extent with antiquarian researches in the
interior. On quitting Peru he crossed the Andes, struck
the head-waters of the Amazon, and descended that river to
Pani, the journals kept during this notable expedition

* His first contribution to ' The Ibis ' was on the Albatrosses noticed
on this voyage (' Ibis,' 186G, p. 124).

224 OFFICIALS, OTHER THAN THOSE TO BE FOUXD ABOVE.

enabling him in 1881 to contribute to ' The Field ' a series
of articles entitled " Across the Andes.'^ The revolutionary-
spirit of many towns in South America at that epoch con-
stituted a very serious danger, in addition to the usual risks
of a wild and little-kuoAvn country, but Saunders's courage
was by no means the least characteristic of his qualities.

In 1862 he returned to England, but only to devote most
of his time until 1868 to the investigation o£ the Avifauna
of Spain, a subject on Avhich he soon became our recognised
authority. Articles from his pen referring to this part of
his career will be found in 'The Ibis ' for 1869, 1871, 1872,
and 1878 ; while he wrote in a more popular style for
' The Field ' in 1874 his " Ornithological Rambles in Spain
and Majorca." In 1868 he married Emily, daughter of
Mr. William Minshull Bigg, of Stratford Place, and took
up his residence in England ; but he still found time to
continue his continental expeditions, the results of which
are incorporated in papers to ' The Ibis ' on the birds of the
Pyrenees in 1883-4 and those of Switzerland in 1891, while
in 1893 these were followed by an account of " The Distri-
bution of Birds in France.^'

Saunders was an active Member of the Zoological, Liunean,
and Royal Geographical Societies, and Avas in much request
as a member of committees and councils ; he was a Vice-
President of the first-named and in close touch with the
Gardens at llegent^s Park, where he took a strong interest
in the animals and their management. He was elected a
Member of the British Ornithologists^ Union in 1870, and
in 1901 entered upon the office of Secretary, a post which
he held till his death. He was also the first Secretary and
Treasurer of the British Ornithologists' Club, when that
oifshoot from the parent stem was founded in 1892. The
fifth and seventh series of ' The Ibis ' Avere issued under his
editorship, conjointly Avith Sclater; Avhile from 1877 to 1881
he acted as the Recorder of '' Aves " for the ' Zoological
Record,' and from 1880 to 1885 as Secretary of Section D
(Zoology) at the meetings of the British Association. In
1884 he edited Aleillot's 'Analyse' for the Willughby

OFFICIALS, OTHER THAN THOSE TO BE FOUXD ABOVE. 325

Society, and during liis whole career in England he was a
regular reviewer of books on Natural History, Sport, and
Travel, especially for the "^ Athenaeum.' A paper on the eggs
obtained by the Transit of Venus expedition of 1874-5
appeared in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' for 1879, and
the portion of the 'Antarctic Manual^ referring to the Birds
came from his pen in 1901, He Avas actively concerned in
the Bird-Department of the Fisheries Exhibition in London
in 1883, while he always kept in close touch with the
naturalists of the United States, where he was an Honorary
Member of the American Ornithologists^ Union.

Saunders had a w^orld-wide reputation as an authority on
the family Larida (Gulls and Terns), and published im-
portant papers on it in the ' Proceedings ' of the Zoological
Society of London for 1876-8, and the ' Journal of the
Linnean Society (Zoology) M'or 1878; hence he was natu-
rally selected to write the portion of the twenty-fifth volume
of the ' Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum '
Avhich deals with this group. But to the public in general
he will always be best known as the Editor, in 1884-5, of
the last two volumes of the fourth edition of YarrelFs
' British Birds,' commenced by Professor Newton, and as
the author of that most excellent Avork 'An illustrated
Manual of British Birds,' issued in 1889, wherein was
included not only the whole essence of ' Yarrell/ but a large
amount of fresh information, though two pages only were
dcA'oted to each species. The value of this volume to Palse-
arctic ornithologists was speedily made evident ])y the call
for a second edition in 1899^ after Avhich date, Avhile still
writing for ' The Ibis,' Saunders continued to keep up a
constant correspondence with those Avho recorded additions
to the British List, as published by himself in 1887, and
the last article from his pen was one dealing Avith this
subject in the new periodical entitled 'British Birds. "*

The death of our Secretary Avas acutely felt by his fellow-
workers, to whom he Avas always accessible and whose
writings he was inA^ariably Avilling to revise ; in fact the
correction of the proofs of others consumed a large portion

~~(j ori'iciALS, othi;r tiiax those to lu: kouxd above.

of his time in later life. Kind and helpful, a Mell-tried
and trusty friend to many Ornithologists at home and
abroad, his loss was deplored deeply not only by them, but
by many a Scientific Society.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. A. H. EVANS.

OFFICIALS, OTHER THA\ THOSE TO 1?E FOUND ABOVE. 227

Mr. a. H. EVANS.

Arthur Humble Evans was boru on Februar}' 23rcl, 1855.
He is the eldest son oi: the late Rev, Hugh Evans, of
Scremerston in Northumberland, who in early life devoted
himself to Botany and Ornithology, and subsequently became
one of the most noted Horticulturists of the Eastern
Borders. Under such guidance Evans naturally inclined to
scientific pursuits, while he was exceptionally fortunate in
being intimate with many of the earlier jMembers of the
Berwickshire Naturalists^ Club, the oldest Field Club of its
description in Britain.

Educated in the first place at home and at Durham School,
he had ample opportunities of indulging his taste for Natural
History in the two northern counties with their wealth of
plant- and bird-life, while he possessed in his kind friends of
the Border country and later in Canon Tristram of Durham
acquaintances ever ready to help and encourage the learner.
At school he gained the annual prize for a Herbarium, and
began to collect birds^ eggs, some of which came out of the
consignments sent from Iceland to the well-known Curator
of the Durham JMuseum, Mr. W. Procter.

Gaining a scholarship at Clare College, Cambridge, he
continued his scientific studies at that University, where he
had the further good fortune to make the acquaintance of
W. A. Forbes, of St. John^s College, even then a distinguished
Naturalist, who introduced him to Professor Alfred Newton
at one of his celebrated Sunday evening gatherings. Many
and valuable Avere the consequences of this introduction,
while the men of mark, so constantly to be met with at
Magdalene College, served as admirable models to the
young students.

Evans proceeded to the B.A. degree in 1879 and in due
course became an M.A. : he has since resided continuously

228 OlTlCIALSj OTHEK THAN THOSE TO BE FOUND ABOVE.

in Cambridge^ partly engaged in the work of tuition and
partly in scientific pursuits. In 1900 he was elected by
the Members of the Senate to the post of Esquire Bedell in
the University.

His first essays at writing were articles in the ' History of
the Bewickshire Naturalists' Club' on tlie birds and plants
of the district, Avhile in 1884 he became a Fellow of the
Zoological Society of London, and Recorder of Aves for the
' Zoological Record,^ He now had the inestimable advantage
of meeting the Ornithologists of London, and was greatly
assisted by Dr. Sclater and the authorities of the Natural
History Museum at S. Kensington, with Dr. Bowdler Sharpe
at the head of the Bird Department. With Mr. Howard
Saunders he formed an especially close friendship, and in his
company made several ornithological expeditions in our
islands. In 1879 he had become a Member of the British
Ornithologists' Union, and this led to a further enlargement
of his circle of acquaintance, while subsequently he served
on the Committee and finally became Joint-Editor of ' The
Ibis' with Dr. Sclater in 1901.

In 1888 Evans was invited by Mr. S. B. Wilson, of
Magdalene College, Cambridge, wlio had more than once
visited the Sandwich Islands in search of their peculiar
birds, to co-operate Avitli him in a projected work on the
Birds of the Sandwich Islands, which was published between
1890 and 1899, under the title of 'Aves Hawaiieuses.' He
next undertook to write the volume on ' Shetland ' for the
' Vertebrate Fauna of Scotland ' series, under the Editorship
of Messrs. Harvie-Brown and Buckley, and in concert with
the latter completed the work in 1899. Several visits were
at this time paid to the Shetland Islands, the fauna of which
needed thorough investigation, while journeys Avere also made
to Ross-shire and Roxburgh-shire, which resulted in short
papers in the ' Scottish Naturalist ' and later in its successor
the ' Annals of Scottish Natural History.' Evans joined the
Botanical Society of Edinburgh in 1882 and became a Member
of the Scottish Alpine Botanical Club associated Avitli it,
meeting on the Club's various expeditions many Scottish

OrnciALS, OTHER THAX THOSE TO 1?E FOUND ABOVE. 3.29

Botanists^ with the late Professor Dicksou at their
tead.

About 1893 a project for a ' Cambridge Natural History'
ivas mooted, to be published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.,
and Evans was requested to prepare the volume on Birds,
which Avas issued in 1899. He next, in 1903, edited and
translated Turner's ' Historia Avium ■* of 1544, and then
again turned his attention to the birds and plants of his native
and adopted counties, preparing the list of Cambridgeshire
Birds for Messrs. Marr and Shipley's ' Handbook to Cam-
bridgeshire' and the articles on the same subject for the
* Victoria' Histories of that county and Northumberland.
He has also undertaken the account of the Phanerogamic
plants for that of Cambridgeshire, and the next volume of
the 'Vertebrate Fauna of Scotland' — on the Tweed area.

Ibis. Jub.SuppI.,1908,

MR. J. L. BONHOTE.

OFFICIALS; OTHEK THAN THOSE TO BE FOUXD ABOVE. 231

Mil. J. L. BONHOTE.

Joliu Lewis Bonhote was born in Loudon in 1875 ami
educated first at Elstree School and then at Harrow. He
entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1893 and, after taking
the ordinary degree in Zoolog}^, proceeded to his B.A. in
1897, his M.A. in 1901.

That he took an interest in Zoology at an early age is
clear from the fact that he has since Avritten a pamphlet on
the ' Butterflies and Moths of Harrow ' in conjunction with
Mr. N. C. Rothschild, Avhile he began to shew his liking for
birds in captivity as early as, if not earlier than, his residence
at Cambridge, Avhere he built for himself a fairly extensive
aviary in a field near the town. When he moved to Fen
Ditton in 1897 he extended his operations, and began those
experiments in crossing various species of Ducks which we
are accustomed to associate with his name. During the same
year he left England for the Bahama Islands, as Private
Secretary to the Governor, Sir Gilbert Carter, while in 1898
he married the daughter of the Rector of the Islands. He
did not leave the Bahamas for more than a year, and made
expeditions during his stay to investigate the fauna, and more
particularly the birds. These investigations were carried a
step further in 1901-1902, when a second visit was paid to
the Bahamas. In 1895 and again in 1901 Mr. Bonhote made
collecting trips to Northern Norway, and he has travelled to
various parts of Britain with the same object.

When the Avicultural Society was founded in 1894 the
subject of our notice was one of the first to join it ; he was
subsequently elected to the Council in 1895 and became
Secretary in 1899. In 1902 he exchanged this office for a post
on the Executive Council, while he is now Treasurer of the
Society. He was elected a Member of the British Ornitho-
logists'' Union in 1894-, Avas placed on the L'Ommittee in

■232 omciALs^ other than those to be fouxd above.

1903, and was appointed Secretary in 1907. lie is also a
Fellow of the Zoological and Linnean Societies.

]Mr. Bonhote is the author o£ several systematic papers on
the jMammals of the Oriental Region, chiefly based on material
at the British Museum, and of many articles on Birds in
captivity in the ' Avicultural Magazine.' His great interest
in the subjects of Colour-change and Heredity is shown by
papers which have appeared under his name in ^ The Ibis '
-and elsewhere, while the first main results of a series of
experiments in hybridizing Ducks were published in the
Proceedings of the Fourth International Ornithological
Congress, held at London in 1905. At that Congress he was
Joint-Secretary with Dr. E. Hartert under the presidency of
Dv. R. Bowdler Sharpe.

Besides the offices already mentioned, he has been Secretary
of the Migration Committee of the British Ornithologists'
Club from its inception in 1905, and is not only a Member,
but also one of the Council of the Royal Society for the
Protection of Birds.

4. List of the Members of the British. Ornitholoyists' Union.

1858-1908.

[Au asterisk indicates an Original Me'.uber.]

Date of
Election.

1896. Alexaxdek, Boyd, F.Z.8. (late Rifle Brigade); Wilsley,

Craiibrook, Kent.
1901. Allchin, James H.; Museum and Public Library, Maidstone.

{liesigned 1908.)
1874. Alston, Edward II., F.Z.S. ; 14 Maddox Street, W.

{Died 1881.)
1870. AxDEEsox, AxDREAv, F.Z.S. ; Futtehgurh, N.W. Provinces,

India. {Died 1878.)
1893. x\xNE, Major Ernest L. S. ; 21 Victoria Square, Newcastle-

on-Tyne. {Removed 1899.)
1881. Antrim, William Randal, Earl of; Glenarm Castle, Co.

Antrira, Ireland. {Resigned 1892.)

1887. Aplin, Frederick Charles ; Bodicote, Banbury, Oxon.

{Died 1897.)

1888. Aplin, Oliver Vernon ; Stonehill House, Bloxham, Oxon.

1896. Archibald, Charles F. ; 2 Darnley Road, West Park,

Leeds,
lo 1896. Arrigoni degli Oddt, Count Ettore, Professor of Zoology,

University, Padua ; and Ca" oddo, Monsclice, Padua,

Italy.
1901. Arundel, Major Walter B., F.Z.S. ; High Ackworth,

Pontefract.
1901. AsHBT, Herbert ; Oakwood Lodge, Chandler's Ford, near

Southampton.
1908. AsHwoRTH, Dr. John Wallavork, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

F.R.G.S., F.G.S. ; Thorne Bank, Heaton Moor, near

Stockport.

1897. AsTLEY, The Rev. Hubert Delaval, M.A.. F.Z.S. ; Benham

Park, Newbury, Berks.

SER. IX. VOL. II., JL'B -SUPPL. R

234 LIST OF MEMBEKS.

Date of
Election.

1885. Backhotjse, James, F.Z.S, ; Daleside, Scarborough, Yorks.
1904. Bahk, Philip Heinkich, M.A., M.B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

P.Z.S. ; Perrysfield House, Oxted, Surrey.
1901. Bailavaed, Col. Aethur Churchill, F.Z.S. (E.F.A.) ; 64

Victoria Street, S.W.
1892. Baker, E. C. Stuart, F.Z.S. ; care of Messrs. H. S. King

& Co., 65 Cornhill, E.C. ; and Shillong, Assam, India.
1901. Baker, John C, M.B., B.A. ; Ceely House, Aylesbury,

Bucks.
> 1899. Balfour, Frederick Robert Stephen ; 21 Cambridge

Square, W. {Besigned 1908.)
1908. Ball, Crispin Alfred (Sudan Civil Service) ; El Xawa,

White Nile Province, Sudan.
1879. Ball, Dr. Valentine, C.B., F.R.S. ; Science and Art

Museum, Dublin. (Died 1895.)

1889. Balston, Richard James, F.Z.S. ; Springfield, Maidstone.
1906. Bannerman, David A.; 11 Washington House, Basil Street,

S.W.

1890. Barclay, Francis Hubert, F.Z.S. ; The Warren, Cromer,

Norfolk.
1872. Barclay, Colonel Hanbury, F.Z.S. ; 34 Queen's Gate

Gardens, S.W. {Died 1909.)
1885. Barclay, Hugh Gurney, F.Z.S. ;' Colney Hall, Norwich.
1864. Barneby-Lutley, John H. ; Brockhampton, Herefordshire.

{Resigned 1872.)

1884. Barnes, Lieut. Henry E., F.Z.S. ; Nasirabad, India.

{Died 1895.)
o 1889. Barrett-Hamilton, Major Gerald E. H., F.Z.S., 5th Royal

Irish Rifles ; Kilmanock, Campile, Ireland.
1881. Barrington, Richard Manliffe, LL.D. ; Fassaroe, Bray,

Co, Wicklow.
1903. Bartels, Max. ; Pasir Datar, Halte Tjisaiit (Preanger), Java,

Dutch East Indies.
1906. Bates, George L., C.M.Z.S. ; Kribi, Kameruu, West Africa.
1908. Beaumont, Walter Ibbotson, F.Z.S. ; 1 Osborne Place,

Plymouth.

1885. Becher, Major E. F., R.A., F.Z.S. ; Wellow Green Cottage,

Wellow, Newark-on-Trent. {Ileslgned 1891.)
1902. Becher, Harry, C.E. ; Beechwood Cottage, Burnham-on-
Crouch.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 235

Date of
Election.

1884. Beduard, Frank E., ]y:.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Zoological

Society's Gardens, llegent's Park, IS'.W. {Resigned

1902.)
1897. Benson, John ; The Post Office, Vancouver, B.C.
1897. Beeet, William, B.A., LL.B. ; Tayfield, Newport, Fifeshire
40 1907. Bethell, The Hon. Bichaed ; 30 Hill Street, Mayfair, W.
1907. BicKEETON, WiLLLVM, F.Z.S. ; The Hawthorns, Marlborough

Boad, Watford, Herts.
1875. BiDDTTLPH, Col. John, F.Z.S. ; Ajmere, Rajpntana, India.

{Resigned 1892.)
1880. BiDWELL, Edwaed ; 1 Trig Lane, Upper Thames Street,

E.G.
1884. Bingham, Lt.-Col. Chaeles Thomas, F.Z.S. ; 6 Gwendwr

Boad, West Kensington, W. {Died 1908.)

1892. BiED, The Rev. Maiteice C. H.. M.A. ; Brunstead Rectory,

Stalham, S.O., Xorfolk.
*1858._BiEKBECK, Robeet, F.Z.S. ; 65 Lombard Street, E.C.
{Resigned 1868.)
1891. Blaattw, Feans Eenst, C.M.Z.S. ; Gooilust, 'sGraveland,
Hilversum, Noord-Holland.

1893. Blagg, Eenest W. H. ; Greenhill, Cheadle, Staffs.

{Resigned 1898.)

1865. Blakiston, Capt. Thomas Weight. {Resigned 1867.)
ro 1898. Bland, Ivees ; Newbold Firs, Leamington. {Died 1903.)

1873. Blanfoed, William T., C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S
72 Bedford Gardens, Kensington, W. {Died 1905.)

1903. Blathw ayt, The Rev. Feancis Linley, M.A. ; 1 Stone-
field Avenue, Lincoln.

1893. BoLAM, Geoege, F.Z.S. ; Berwick-on-Tweed. {Rejnoved

1905.)

1897. BoNAE, The Rev. Hoeatius Ninian, F.Z.S. ; Saltoun, Pen-

caitland, IST.B.

1905. Bone, Heney Petees, F.Z.S. ; 28 Adelaide Crescent,

Brighton.

1894. BoNHOTE, John Lewis, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Gade Spring,

Hemel Hempstead, Herts. {Secretary cf- Treasurer
1907- .)

1906. BooRMAN, Staines ; Heath Farm, Send, Woking, Surrey.

1898. Booth, Geoege Albert ; 6 I^orth Road, Preston ; and

Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Lanes.

r2

236 LIST or .MEJIBERS.

Date of
Election.

1904. Booth, Harry E. ; liyhill. Ben Eliydding, via Leeds^

Yorks.
60 1907. BoRASTOX, JoHX Maclaie ; Ingleside, Stretford, near ^Man-

chestcr.
1908. BoRKi^E, Clifford Dalisox ; G Durham Place, Chelsea^

1878. BoRRER. William, M.A., F.L.S. ; Cowfold, Horsham.

(Died 1S9S.)
1895. Bradford, Johx Rosu, M.D., D.Sc, r.E.8., F.Z.S. ; 8 Man-
chester Square, "NY.
1902. Bridgemax, Lieut. The Hon. Bicuard 0. B., R-jS". ; Weston

Bark, Sbifnal, Salop ; and H.M.S. ' Bramble,' China

Station.
1902. Bristo-we, Beetrax Arthur ; The Cottage, Stoke D'Abernon,

Surrey.
188-5. Brockholes, William Fitzherbert ; Claughton-on-Brock,

Garstang, Lancashire.
1908. Brook, Edward Joxas ; Hoddam Castle, Eeclefechan, X.B.
1871. Brooke, Arthur Basil; Cardney, Dunkeld, ^.B. (Died

1SS4.)
1890. Brooke, Harry Bktxsley ; 33 Egerton Gardens, S.W.
'70 1899. Brooke, Johx Arthur, J.P. ; Fenay Hall, Huddersfield ;

and Fearn Lodge, Ardgay, Ptoss-shire.
1870. Brooke, Sir Yictor, Bt. ; Colebrooke, Fermanagh, (lie-

sifjned ISSS.)
1892. Brooks, W. Edwin ; Mount Forest, Ontario, Canada.

(Died 1S90.)
1900. Bruce, William Speirs, LL.D., F.B.S.E, ; Scottish Oceano-

graphical Laboratory, Surgeon's Hall, Edinburgh.
1907. Buckley, Charles Mars ; 4 Hans Crescent, S.W.
1866. Buckley, Hexry, F.Z.S. ; 27 Wheeley's Eoad, Edgbastou,

Birmingham. (Eeshjned 1SS7.)
1868. Buckley, Thomas Edward, B.A., F.Z.S. ; Rossal, Inverness,

N.B. (Died 1902.)
1906. BucKxiLL, The Hon. Johx Alexaxder Strachey, M.A.,

F.Z.S. ; Hylands House, Epsom, Surrey.
1895. Bulgaria, H.M. Feedixaxd, Tsar of, F.Z.S. ; The Palace,

Sofia, Bulgaria.
1877. Bulger, Lt.-Col. G. E., F.L.S. ; 156 Leadenhall Street, E.C

(Died ISSl.)

LIST OF MEMBERS. 237

Date of

Election.

So 1872. BuLLEE, Sir Walter Lawry, K.C.^^I.G., D.Sc, F.E.S.,

C.M.Z.S. ; 62 London Wall, E.G. (Died I'JOG.)
1908. BijNYARD, Percy Frederick, F.Z.8. ; 57 Kidderminster Eoad,

Croj'dou, Surrey.
1903. Burrell, Godfrey Percy ; Brooklands, Alton, Hants.

{Resvjned 1000.)
1907. Butler, Arthitr Gardiner, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 124 Beck-

euham lload, Beckenham, Kent.

1899. Butler, Arthur Lennox, F.Z.S. ; Supt. of Game Preser-

vation, Sudan Government, Khartum, Sudan.
188-1. Butler, Lievit.-Col. E. A. ; Winsford Hall, Stokesby, Great

Yarmouth.
1896. BuTTERFiELD, W. C. J. llusKiN ; Curator of the Corporation

Museum, Brassey Institute, Hastings.

1900. Buttress, Bernard A. E. ; Craft Hill, Dry Drayton,

Cambridge.

1905. Buxton, Anthony ; Knighton, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
1884. Buxton, Geoffrey Fowell, F.Z.S.'; Dunston Hall, Norwich.

■90 1895. Buxton, Samuel Gurney, F.Z.S. ; Catton Hall, Norwich.

{Died 1909.)
1896. Cade, Francis J. ; Mosborough, The Park, Cheltenham.
1903. Cambridge, Frederick 0. Pickard ; 35 Haydon Park lioad,

Wimbledon, S.W. {Died 1905.)
1889. Cameron, Ewen Somerled, F.Z.S. ; Fallon, Montana,

U.S.A.
1896. Cameron, Capt. Jamks S. ; 2nd Bn. Royal Sussex Begt.,

Malta; and Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford, Kent.
1888, Cameron, John DirNCAN ; Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford,

Kent.
1892. Campbell, Charles William, C.M.G., C.M.Z.S., H.B.M.

Chinese Consular Service ; British Legation, Peking,

China.

1906. Campbell, The Hon. Ian Malcolm ; Cawdor Castle,

Xairn, X.B.
1891. Campbell, Col. John, Governor-General of Prisons; Perth,
N.B. {Resif/ned 1S9-J.)
*1858. Campbell-Orde, Sir John W. P., Bt., F.Z.S. ; Kilmory
House, Lochgilphead, Argyllshire, N.B. {Died 1897.)
100 1888. Carter, James; Burton House, Masham, Yorks. {Died
1900.)

238 LIST OF INIEMBERS.

Date of
Election.

1908. Caeter, Thomas ; Wensleydale, Broome Hill (Great Southern

Railway), West Australia.
1899. Cartwright, Thomas Leslie Meltille ; Newbottle Manor,

Banbury. {Resigned 1903.)
1890. Cave, Charles John Philip. M.A., F.Z.S. ; Ditcham Park,

Petersfield, Hants.

1888. Chamberlain, Walter, P.Z.S. ; Bromesberrow Place, Led-

bury. (Besigned 1000.)
1865. Chambers-Hodgetts, William Thomas Hodgetts ; Hudscott,
Devon. (Died 1867.)

1894. ChancEj a. Macomb, M.A. ; 9 Hermitage Road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham.
1884. Chapman, Abel, F.Z.S. ; Houxty, Wark-on-Tyne.

1907. Chapman, Edward Henry ; 3 Hare Court, Temple, E.C.
1882. Chase, Robert William ; Pool Hall, Wishaw, near Bir-
mingham.

no 1900. Chatterton, Frederick J. S. ; 78 Clissold Road, Stoke
Newington, jS^. (Hemoved 1905.)

1908. Cheesman, Robert E. ; Bakers' Cross, Cranbrook.

1897. Cholmley, Alfred John, F.Z.S. ; c/o Mr. R. H. Porter,

7 Princes Street, Cavendish Square, W.
1904. Clarke, Capt. Goland van Holt, D.S.O., F.Z.S., 18th
Hussars ; Brook House, Hay wards Heath, Sussex.

1889. Clarke, Lt.-Col. Stephenson Robert, F.Z.S. ; Borde Hill,

Cuckiield, Sussex.
1880. Clarke, William Eagle, F.L.S, ; Royal Scottish Museum,

Edinburgh.
1876. Clifton, Edward Henry Stuart, Lord, F.Z.S. ; Dumpton

Park, Ramsgate. {Resigned 1890.)
1904. Cochrane, Commr. Henry Lake, R.X.; H.M.S. 'Cochrane,'

5th Cruiser Squadron ; and Burston House, Pittville,

Cheltenham.
1865. Cochrane, John H ; Dunkalhel. Co. Cork. {Resigned

1870.)

1898. Cocks, Alfred Heneage, M.A,, F.Z.S. ; Poynetts, Skirmett,

near Henley-on-Thames.
I20 1898. Coke, The Hon. Richard; 1st Bn. Scots Guards. {Removed
1903.)

1895. Coles, Richard Edward ; Ashley Arnewood, New Milton,

S.O., Hants.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 239

Date of

Election.

1904. Collier, Charles, F.Z.S. ; Clieveden House, 21 Eaton
Terrace, S.W.

1906. CoLMAN, RirssELL Jajies, D.L., J.P.; Norwich, (liesigned
1008.)

1876. CoNNALffHT, H.E.H. Prince Arthitr, Duke of, K.G.
{liesi(/ned 1879.)

1880. Cooper, The Rl . Hon. Lt.-Col. E. H., P.C, E.Z.S. ; 42 Port-
man Square, ^Y. (Died 1002.)

1874. CoEDEAux, Jonx, J. P. ; Great Cotes, E..S.O., Lincoln
{Died 1800.)

1888. CoRDEAux, Major William Wilfeiu ; 21st Lancers,
Hounslow.

1882. Cory, Prof. Charles B., E.Z.S. ; 160 Boylston Street,
Boston, U.S.A. {Removed 1008.)

1892. Courage, Harold Mitchell; Snowdenham, Bramley, Guild
ford. {Died 1001.)
130 1896. CowiE, Lt.-Col. Alexander Hugh, R.E., E.Z.S. ; Alder-
shot; and c/o H. Ward, Esq., Yeatton, Lymingtoii,
Hants.

1899, CowiE, The Rev. Archibald G. G. ; c/o S.P.G. Mission,
Cawnpore. {Resigned 1008.)

1902. CoAviE, Robert Macnamara, M.R.C.S. (2nd Life Guards).

{Removed 1005.)
1896. Crawford, Francis C. ; 19 Royal Terrace, Edinburgh.
{Died 1008.)

1894. Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bt. ; Calke Abbey, Derby.
1866. Crichton, Arthl'r William, B.A., E.L.S., E.Z.S. ; Broad-
ward Hall, Salop. {Resir/aed 1882.)

1896. Crockett, Samuel Rutherford ; Bank House, Penicuik,
Midlothian. {Resigned 1002.)

1895. Crossley, Sir Savile B., Bt., M.V.O., E.Z.S. : 12 Carlton

House Terrace, S.W. {Resigned 1000.)
1898. Grossman, Alan E., E.Z.S. ; Cumminiu Station, near Dood-
lakine, Western Australia.

1903. Crowley, John Cyril, M.A. ; 5 Beech House Road,

Croydon.
140 1882. Crowley, Philip, E.Z.S. ; Waddon House, Waddon, Croy-
don. {Died 1000.)
1898. Crowley, Reginald Alwyn ; Highfield, Alton, Hants; and
22 Higrh Street, Crovdon.

240 LIST Ol' MEMHEKS.

Date of
Election.

1899. Curtis, Frederick, F.ll.C.S, ; Lyiidens, Kedhill, Surrey.
1877. Dalgleish, John J. ; Brankston Grange, Bogside Station,

Alloa, N.B.
1898. Daleymple, Capt. John James, Viscount, M.P, (2nd Bii.

Scots Guards) ; Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, AYigton-

shire.

1896. Danford, Capt. Bektraii W. Y., K.E. ; Bermuda.

1874. Daneoed, Charles G,, F.Z.S. ; Hatszeg, Siebenbiirgen,
Hungary. {Resigned ISO'),)

1897. Darnley, Ivo Francis Walton, Earl ; Cobhani Hall,

Gravesend ; and Clifton Lodge, Athboy, Co. Meath.

1883. Davidson, James, F.Z.S. ; 32 Drumslieugh Gardens, Edin-

burgh,
1908. Davies, Claude G. ; " D " Squadron, Cape Mounted Biflemen,

Bizana, E. Pondoland, South Africa.
1 50 1899. Davies, Lieut. Sutton A. (2nd East Lanes. Begt.); Jullundur,

Punjab, India. {Died lOOo.)
1905. Davis, I^enneth James Acton ; Julian Hill, Harrow ; and

King's College, Cambridge.

1884. Davison, William Buxton ; c/o Messrs. Dawson & Son,

121 Cannon Street, E.C. {Died 1S03.)
1902. Dent, Charles Henry; c/o Messrs, Bolitho & Co., Ltd.,

Penzance, Cornwall.
189L De Vis, Charles W. ; Queensland Museum, Brisbane ; and

c/o Mr. B. (iuaritch, 11 Grafton Street, W.
1893. De Winton, William Edward, F.Z.S. ; Graftonbury,

Hereford ; and Orielton, Pembroke.
1S96. DoBBiE, James Bell, F.B,.S.E., F.Z.S. ; 9 Mansfield Place,

Edinburgh.
1889. DoiiiE, William Henry, M.B.C.S. ; 2 Hunter Street,

Chester.
1883. DoiG, ScROPE B. ; Public Works Department, Bombay.

{llesigned 1899.)
1895. Donovan, Major Charles, I.M.S.
160 1904. Dorrien-Smith, Thomas Algernon, J. P., D.L. ; Tresco

Abbey, Scilly Isles.
1880. DoAVSETT, Arthue, F.Z.S. ; Castle Hill House, Beading.

{Died 1S96.)
1904. Drake-Brockman, Dr. Balph Evelyn, M.B.C.S., L.B.C.P.,

F.Z.S. ; Chariton, Wellington Boad, Bournemouth.

LIST OV MEMBERS.

241

Date of
Election.

1865. Dresseb, Henry Eeles, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 44 Horiiton Court,

Kensington, W. {Secrctanj >S,- Treasurer 7SS2-18S9.)
1890. Dkewitt, Frederic Dawtrey, il.A., M.l)., F.Z.S. ; 14 Palace

Gardens Terrace, Kensington, W.
*1858. Dremmoivd-Hay, Lt.-Col. Henry Maurice, C.M.Z.8. ;

Seg-gieden, Perth. {President IS '>S- J 807. Died 1896.)
1890. Drtjmmond-Hay, Col, James A. (j. Ft.- (Coldstream Guards) ;

Seggieden, by Perth, N,P.

1904. Duckworth, George Herbert; 35 Charles Street, Berkeley

Square, W.

1876. DuRNEORD, Henry. {Died 1878.)

1878. DuBNFOED, W. Arthur, J.P. ; Elsecar, Earnslcy.
170 1896. DuTHiE, Lt.-Col. W. H. M. ; 70 Kensington Park lload, W.

1905. DuTTON, The Hon. and llev. Canon Frederick George ;

Bibury, Fairford.

1903. Eaele, Edward Vavasour ; Franks Hall, Farningham,

Kent.

1877. EctERTon, Capt. George Le C, ll.N, ; Bury Grange, Alver-

stoke, Hants. {Resigned 1893.)
1870. Elliot, Daniee Giraud, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S. ; Aniericau

Museum of ]N"atural History, New York, U.S.A.

{Resigned 1906.)
1895. Elliot, Edmund A. S., M.ll.C.S. ; Woodville, Kiugsbridge,

South Devon.

1906. Elliot, Hugh Sajiuel Roger, F.Z.S. ; 14 « Lancaster Street,

Lancaster Gate, W. {Resigned 1906.)
1884. Elliott, Algernon, C,I,E, ; 16 Belsize Grove, Hampstead,

N.W.
1902. Ellison, The llev. Allan, M.A. ; Ardoyne House, Watton,

Hertford.

1904. Elton, Henry Brown, B.A., B.C., M.ll.C.S., L.ll.C.P. ;

llowford Lodge, Cheddon Fitzpaine, Taunton, Somerset.
I So 1866. Elwes, Henry John, F.H.S., F.Z.S.; Colesborne, Chelt-
enham.

1879. Evans, Arthur He.mble, M.A., F.Z.S. ; 9 Harvey lload,
Cambridge. {Joint Editor 1900- .)

1888. Evans, AVilll^m, F.K.S.E. ; 38 Morningside Park, Edin-
burgh.

1891. Everett, Alfred Hast, C.M.Z.S. ; Labuan, Borneo. {Died
1898.)

242

LI8T OF MEMBERS.

Date of
Election.

1905. EwEN, Guy L'Estraxge (King's Messenger) ; St. James's
Club, Piccadilly, W.

1877. EwiNG, The llev. T. J., D.D. ; 3 Crescent Villas, Plymouth.
{Died 188,;!.)
*1858. Eyton, Thomas Campbei.l, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c. : Eyton Hall,
Salop. {Died 1880.)

1892. Eairbeidge, William George ; 141 Long Market Street,
Capetown, South Africa.

1895. Falcois'er, John J. M. ; Scottish Conservative Club, Edin-
burgh. {Died 1900.)

1894. FARauHAR, Hear- Admiral Arthur Murray, C.Y.O. ; Gran-
ville Lodge, Aboyne, N.B.
190 1898. Farquhae, Commr. Stuart St. J., R.N. ; H.M.S. 'Vestal,'
China Station ; and Drumnagesk, Aboyne, N.B.

1873. Feilren, Col. Henry Wemyss, C.B., C.M.Z.S. ; Burwash,
Sussex ; and Junior United Service Club, S.W.

1897. Fenwick, Edward Nicholas Fenwick; Oxford and Cambridge
Club, S.W. {Died 1908.)

1886. Ferguson, Harold Stuart, F.Z.S. ; Sherborne House,

Sherborne. {Resigned 1900.)

1891. Field, Leopold, F.Z.S. : St. Stephen's Club, Westminster,

S.W. {Removed 1890.)

1901. FiNLiNSON, Horace W., F.Z.S. ; 19 George Street, Bedford.

1892. Finn, Frank, B.A., F.Z.S. ; 29 Chalcot Crescent, Primrose

Hill, N.W.
1890. Fisher, Lionel ; Ivandy, Ceylon. {Removed 1900.)

1902. Flower, Capt. Stanley Smyth, F.Z.S. ; Kedah House,

Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt.
1884. Forbes, Henry Ogg, LL.D., F.Z.S. ; Free Public Museums,
Liverpool.
200 1877. Forbes, W. A. ; 31 Upper Baker Street, W. {Died 188J.)
1898. Foster, George E. ; Brooklands, Cambridge. {Died 1900.)

1903. Foster, Nevin Harkness ; Hillsborough, Co. Down,

Ireland.
1880. Foster, William ; 39 Colvillc Gardens, Bayswater, W.
1867. Fowler, George Gooch, B.A. ; Gunton Hall, Lowestoft.

{Resigned 1880.)

1887. Fowler, William Warde, M.A. : Lincoln College, Oxford.
1865. Fox, The Eev. Henry Elliott, M.A. ; The Croft, Lytton

Grove, Putney Hill, S.W.

LIST or ^MEMBERS. 243

Date of
Election.

1881. Freke, rERCT Evans ; Southpoint, Limes Itoad, Folkestone.
1895. Frohawk, Frederick William ; Ashmount, Raj^leigh,

Essex.
1881. Gabow, Hans, Ph.D., F.R.8., F.Z.S. ; University Museum

of Zoology, Cambridge.
2IO 1886. Ctainsborough, Charles William Francis, Earl of; Exton

Park, Oakham.
1885. Gallwey, Sir Ealpw Payne, Bt. : Thirkleby Park, Thirsk.

{llesifjiml ISOS.)

1907. Gandolfi, Alfonso Oiho Gandolfi-Horntold, Duke,

Ph.D. ; Blackmore Park, Hanley Swan, Worcestershire.
1900. Garnett, Charles ; 9 Cleveland Gardens, Hyde Park, W. ;

and Xew University Club, St. James's Street, S.W.
1873. Garrod, Prof, Alfred Henry, M.A., F.R.S. ; 10 Harley

Street, W. {Died 1879.)
1900. Gayner, Francis ; 2 Athol Villas, Kedhill, Surrey. {Re-
signed 1906.)
1892. Gerrard, John, Government Inspector of Mines ; Worsley,

near Manchester.
1902. GiBBiNs, William Bevington, F.Z.S. ; Ettiiigton, Stratford-

on-Avon.
1879. Gibson, Ernest, F.Z.S. ; Los Yngleses, General Lavalle en

Ajo, Buenos Aires,
1879, Gibson-Carmichael, Sir Thomas David, Bt,, F.Z.S. ; Castle

Craig, Dolphinton, K.B. {liesigned 1890.)
220 1902, GiLLETT, Frederick, F,Z,S. ; 28 Beaufort Gardens, S.W. ;

and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.W.

1902. GiLLMAX, Arthur E,iLEY, F.Z.S. ; 5 Fellows Iload,Hampstead,

jST.W. : and 3 Southampton Street, High Holborn, W.C.
1904, GiLROY, Norman ; 95 Claremont Pioad, Forest Gate, E, ;
and Seaford, Sussex.

1903. Gladstone, Hugh Steuart, M.A., F.Z.S. : Lannhall, Thorn-

hill, Dumfriesshire.

1908. GoDMAN, Capt. Edward Shirley (2nd Dorset Eegiment) ;

Muntham, Horsham.
*1858. GoDMAN, Frederick DuCane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; 45 Pont

Street, S.AV. {Secretary d(- Treasurer 1870-1883, 1889-

1897. President 1897- .)
*1858. GoDMAN, Percy Sanden, B.A., C.M.Z.S. ; Muntham,

Horsham.

244) LIST OF .MEM151:R.S.

Date of
Election.

19()6. GoouALL, JiKKMiAU Matxheavs, F.Z.S. ; 52 Oxford Gardens,

Xorth Kensington, W.
1901. GooDCHiLu, Herbert; 66 Gloucester Road, Regent's Park,

X.W.

1884. GooDcniED, Jonx G., F.Z.S. ; Museum of Science and Art,

Edinburgh. {Beslr/iied J808.)
23° 1900. GooBFEELow, Waeter ; Moutrose, ]S'ew Park Road, West
Southbourne, Hants.

1905. Goodyer, Leoxard Erxest; 17 Old Hall Drive, Gorton,

Manchester.
3 906. GoRDox, Setox Paul, F.Z.S. ; Auchintoul, Aboyne, X.B.
1899. Gould, Fraxk Herbert Cakruthers, F.Z.S. ; Matbam Manor

House, East Molesej% Surrey.
1895. Grabham, Oxley, M.A. : The Museum, York.
1886. Graham, "\Villia:\i, F.Z.S. ; Manor House, Crayford, Kent.

(Died 1<S07.)
1871. Gray, Robert, F.R.S.E., F.S.A.S. ; Bank of Scotland House,

Edinburgh. (Died ISSO.)
1878. Grey, Hexry ; Bengal Staff Corps. (Died 1892.)

1906. Griffith, Arthur Foster; 59 Montpcllier Road, Brighton.

1885. GuiLLEMARD, Fraxcis Henet Hill, M.A., M.D., F.Z.S. ;

Old Mill House, Trumpington, Cambridge.
240 1876. GtJxTHER, Albert C. L. G., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ;

2 Lichfield Road, Kew Gardens, S.AV.
1898. Guexey, Commander Axthoxy Francis, R.X. ; Xorth

Runcton Hall, King's Lynn. (Removed 1904.)
1908. Guexi:y, Gerard Hudsox, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ; Keswick Hall,

Norwich.
1897. GuRXEY, J. jN"igel ; Sprowston Hall, Norwich, (Died 190.2.)
*1858. GuRXEY, JoHx Hexry, F.Z.S. ; Xorthrcpps Hall, Xorwich.

(Died 1890.)
1870. GuRXEY, JoBx Hexry, F.Z.S. ; Keswick Hall, NorAvich ; and

Athenamm Club, Pall Mall, S.W.
1896. Guexi:y, Robert; Ingham Old Hall, Stalham, Xorfolk.

1890. GwATKix, Joshua Reyxolds Gascoigx ; The Manor House,

Potterne, Devizes.
1901. Haagxer, Alwyn Karl, F.Z.S. ; Transvaal Museum, Pre-
toria, South Africa.

1891. Haigh, George Hexry Catox ; (irainsby Hall, Great

Grimsby, Lincolnshire.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 245

Date of

Election.

250 1S9S. Haixes, Charles Reginald, M. A. ; Meauhurst, Uppingham,

Paitland. {Reslr/ned IO04.)
1887. Haines, John Pleydell Wilton ; 17 King Street, Gloucester.
1898. Hale, The liev. Ja^ies Rasiileigh, M.A. ; Eoxley Vicarage,

Maidstone, Kent.
1905. Hamerton, Capt. Albert Edward, D.S.O., R.A.M.C., F.Z.8. ;,

c/o Messrs. Holt & Co., 8 Whitehall Place, S.W.
1886. Hamilton, Edward, M.])., F.L.8., F.Z.8. ; 25 Radcliffe

Gardens, S.W. {Died lUO-J.)
1873. Hajiilton, James PEATHERSTONiiAirciH, F.Z.S, ; 27 Elgin

Crescent, W. (Resigned 187o.)
1877. Harcourt, Edward W., F.Z.S, ; Xnneham Park, Abingdon.

{Died 1892.)
1883. Harcourt, Lewis Yeenon ; Malwood, Lyndhurst. {2tcsi(/ned

1809.)

1876. Harford, Major Henry Ckarles ; Glen Froonie, Xelson

Crescent, Southsea. {Resiyned 1894.)

1877. Haegitt, Edward, F.Z.S. ; 1 Northanger Road, Streatham

Common, S.W. {Died 189.5.)
260 1894. Harington, Major Herbert Hastings ; 92nd Punjabis,

Bhamo, Upper Burma.
1900. Harper, Edmund AVilljam, F.Z.S. ; 55 Waterloo Road,

Bedford.
1900. Harris, Henry Edward ; 2 St. Aubyn's Mansions, Hove,

Brighton.
1893. Haetert, Ernst J. ()., Ph.D., F.Z.S. ; The Zoological

Museum, Triug, Herts.
1868. Harting, James Edmund, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Edgewood, Wey-

bridge, Surrey.
1896. Hartland, John Cole; P.O. Box 11, Yokohama, Japan.

{Removed 1908.)
1893. Hartmann, William ; Milburn, Esher, Surrey.
1899. Hartey, Capt. Robert Xapier, R.E. ; Stanhope Lines,

Aldershot,
1873. Harvie-Brown, John A., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S. ; Dunipace House,

Larbert, Stirlingshire, N.B.
1892. Hasell, Edward Sdter ; Victoria, British Columbia.

{Removed 1894.)
270 1900. Hasluck, Percy Pedley Hahpurd; The Wilderness, South-

i!-ate. N.

246 LIST OF MEMBEKS.

Date of
Election.

1902. Hatfeild, John Eaxdall ; Edlington Hall, Honicastle,

Lincolnshire.
1898. HA^vKEK, EicnAED Macdonxelt,, F.Z.S. ; Bath Club, Dover

Street, W. ; and c/o Messrs. Dalgcty & Co., 96 Bishopsgate

Street Within, E.C.
*1858. Hawker, The Rev. Williak Henry, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Ashford,

Petersheld, Sussex. {Died 1874.)
1868. Hawkixs, The Rev. Herbert S., M.A. ; Beyton Rectory,

Suffolk. {Died 1890.)
1905. Hawksuaw, John Clarke, M.A., M.I.C.E., F.Z.S., F.G.S. ;

Holly combe, Liphook, Hants ; and 33 Great George

Street, AVestminster, S.W.

1904. Head, Francis ; Buckingham, Shoreham, Sussex. {Resigned

1904.)

1905. Headley, Frederick Webb, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Haileybury

College, Herts.
1887. Hebbert, Charles T., F.Z.S. ; The Rhodrons, Hook, Sur-

biton. {Resigned 1906.)
1907. Hedges, George Mitchell; 42 Kensington Park Gardens,W.
280 1875- Hele, J. C. ; Knowles, Newton Abbot. {Died 1887.)

1905. Hellmayr, Carl E. ; Zoologische Staatssammlung, Alte

Akademie, Neuhauserstrasse 51 11, Miinchen, Germany.

1902. Hett, Geoffrey Seccombe, F.Z.S. ; 16 Palace Gardens

Mansions, The Mall, Kensington, W.
1897. Hewetson, Henry Bendelack, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 11 Hanover

Square, Leeds. {Died 1899.)
1899. Heywood, Richard, F.Z.S. ; Narside, Narborough, Swaff-

ham, Norfolk.
1900."«HiLLS, John Waller, M.P. ; Queen Anne's Mansions,

Westminster, S.W. ; and Highhead Castle, Carlisle.
1S95. HiNXHAN, Lionel W., B.A. ; Geological Survey of Scotland,

Edinburgh. {Resigned 1902.)
1873. Hodgson, Charles B., F.Z.S.; 13 Waterloo Street, Birming-
ham. {Removed 1880.)
1884. HoLDswoRTH, Charles James, J.P.; Fernhill, Alderley Edge,

Cheshire.
1877. HoLDswoRTH, Edmund William Hunt, F.Z.S. ; South Town,
Dartmouth, Devon.
290 1891. Holland, Arthur H. ; Holmhurst, Copse Hill, Yvlmbledon,
S.W. {Resigned 190.!.)

LIST OF MEMBERS, 247

Date of
Election.

1905. IIoPKixso:^, EjiLLrus, M.B., D.S.O.,F.Z.S.; 45 Sussex Square,

Brighton ; and Medical Officer, Gambia, West Africa.
1904. HoEsBETJGH, Major Boyd Robert, F.Z.S. (Army Service

Corps) ; Tempe, Bloemfontein, O.li.C, South Africa.
1888. HoEsjriELD, Herbert Knight; Crescent Hill, Filey,

Yorks.
1893. Hose, Charles, D.Sc, F.Z.S. ; Baram, Sarawak, Borneo.

{Resigned lOOS.)
1895, Howard, Henry Eliot, F.Z.S. ; Clarelands, near Stourport.
1881. Howard, Robert James ; Shearbank, Blackburn, Lancashire.
*18oS. Hudleston, Wilfrid Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ;

8 Stanhope Gardens, S.W. {Died 1009.)
1893. Hudson, William Henry, F.Z.S. ; Tower House, St. Luke's

Road, Westbourne Park, W. {Resigned 1908.)

1869. Hume, Allan Octavian, C.B., C.S.I., F.Z.S. ; The Chalet,

4 Kingswood Road, Upper Norwood, S.E,
1890. Hunter, Henry Charles Vicars, F.Z.S. ; Mawley Hall,

Cleobury Mortimer, Salop.
1873. HuNTLY, Charles, Marquess of; 41 Upper Grosvenor

Street, W. {Removed 1878.)

1870. Hylton, Hedworth Hylton, Lord, F.Z.S. ; Merstham

House, Redhill, Surrey. {Died 1899.)

1901, Ingram, Collingwood ; The Bungalow, Westgate-on-Sea.

1902. Innes Bey, Dr. Walter Francis ; Curator of the Zoological

Museum, School of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
1870. Irby, Lt.-Col. Leonard Howard, F.Z.S. ; 14 Cornwall Ter-
race, Regent's Park, N.W. {Died 1905.)
1888. Jackson, Frederick John, C.B,, C.M.G., F.Z.S., F.L.S. ;

Uganda, British East Africa ; The Red House, Aldeburgh,

Suffolk.
1902. Jacob, Dr. Frank Harwood ; 4 Oxford Street, Nottingham.

{Resigned 1904.)
1886. James, Harry Berkeley, F.Z.S. ; The Oaks, near Carshalton.

{Died 1892.)
1892. James, Henry Ashworth, F.Z.S. ; Hurstmonceux Place,

Hailsham, Sussex.
3 1864. Jerdon, Thomas Caveehill, F.Z.S. ; Deputy Inspector of

Hospitals, Madras. {Honorary Member 1864-1871.

Died 1872.)
1896, Jesse, William, F.Z.S, ; Meerut College, Meerut, India.

248 LIST or MEMUKRS.

Date ol
Election.

1889. Jonxsox, Fkedee[CIv Poxsonby, B.A., J. P., D.L. ; Castle-
steads, Prampton, Cumberland.
1891. JoHxsTox, Sir Haeiiy Hamiltox, G.C.^M.G., K.C.B., F.Z.S. ;

St. John's Priorj', Poling, near Arundel, Sussex.
1905. JoHXsTOXE, Edwix JA:MEy, F.Z.S. ; Burrswood, Groombridge,

Sussex ; and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.^y.
1884. JoxES, H. Heywood, F.Z.S. ; I.arkhill, West Derby, Liver-
pool. {Died 1S87.)
1900. JoxEs, Major Hexry, F.Z.S. (late G2nd Pegt.); EastWickham

House, Welling, Kent,
1899. JouRDAix, The Rev. Francis Charles IIobert, M.A. ; Clifton

Vicarage, near Ashburne, Derbyshire.
1902. Joy, Xorjiax Humbert, M.R.C.S., L.E.C.P. ; Thurlestone,

Bradfield, near Pteading.
1908. Keep, Ralph S., F.R.H.S. ; Oakhill, East Budleigh, Devon.
320 1880. Kelham, Br.-Genl. Hexry Robert, C.B. (late Highland Light
Infantry) ; Well Hall, Hamilton, N.B.
1894. Kelsall, Major Harry Joseph, R.A. ; Golden Hill, Fresh-

-n-ater, Isle of Wight.
1897. Kelsall, The Rev, Jonx Edwakd, M.A. ; Milton Rectory,

Xew Milton, Hants.
1904. Kelso, Johx Edward Harry, M,D. ; San Remo, 12 Festing

Road, Southsea, Hants.
1874. Kennedy, Capt. Alexander W. M. Clark, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ;

Hcnbury, Wimborne. {Resicjmd 1SS7.)
1878. Kennedy, Arthur John Clark, F.Z.S. : 14 Prince's Gardens,

S.AV. {Resigned 1880.)
1882. Kekmode, Philip M. C. ; Hillside, Ramsay, Isle of Man.

{Resi'jned 1902.)
1891. Kerr, John Graham, F.Z.S., Regius Professor of Zoology,

The University, Glasgow.
1895. KiNGSFORD, William Edward : Cairo, Egypt.
1902, KiNXEAR, XormaxBoyd: Bombay Natural History Societ}-,
G Apollo Street, Bombay, India.
--0 1892. KxiGHT, Fraxcis Arnold; Brynmelyn, Weston-super-Mare.
{]iesi(jned 1895.)
*185S, Knox, Arthur Edward, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Dale Park,
Arundel. {Died 1880.)
1882. Knubley, The Rev. Edward Poxsonby, M.A,; Steeple
Ashtou Vicarage, Trowbridge, Wilts.

LIST OF MEMBERS. .24-9

Date of

Election.

1900. KoENiG, Dr. Alexander Ferdina:sd ; Coblenzer-Strasse lG-1,

Bonn, Germany.
1906. KoLLiBAT, Pavl ; Pting 12 i, Neisse, Germany.
1892. Laidlaw, Thomas Gedbes ; Bank of Scotland, Perth.
1884. Langtoi^, Herbert ; 11 Marlborongh. Place, Brighton.
1881. Lascelles, The Hon. Gerald William, P.Z.S. ; The King's

House, Lyndhurst.
1892. La ToucnE, John David Digues, C.]\1.Z.S. ; c/o Custom

House, Chinkiang, China (via Siberia).
1892. Laws, Arthur Moore, Lomagundi, Mashonaland. (lie-

movecl 1905.)
.340 1885. Lawson, Sir George, K.C.B. ; 36 Craven Hill Gardens, W.

{Died 1898.)
1898. Learoyd, a. Erne.st; Brandsby Hall, Easingwold,

Yorks.
1905. Legge, The Hon. Gerald ; 37 Charles Street, Berkeley
Square, W.

1905. Leigh, Hexry Boughton ; Brownsover Hall, Rugby.

1906. Leigh, John Hamilton, F.Z.S. ; Matcham's Park, Eingwood,

Hants.
1898. Le Souef, Dudley, C.M.Z.S. ; Director of the Zoological

Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
1868. Le Strange, Hamon, F.Z.S. ; Hunstanton Hall, Kings Lynn,

Norfolk.
1875. L'Estrange, Col. Paget Walter; Knockyn, Horsham.

{Died 1905.)
1903. Lethbridge, Ambrose Yarburgh ; Guards' Club, Pall Mall,

S.W.
1905. Leverkuhn, Hofrath Paul, M.D., C.M.Z.S. ; The Palace,

Sofia, Bulgaria, {Died 1905.)
.350 1893. Lewis, Frederick; The Kachchin, Colombo, Ceylon. {Re-
signed 1900.)
1889. Leyland, Christopher John, F.Z.S. ; Haggerston Castle,

Beal, Northumberland.
1897. Lilford, John, Lord, F.Z.S. ; Lilford Hall, Oundle,

Northants.
*18o8. Lilford, Thomas Lyttleton, Lord, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Lilford

Hall, Oundle. {President 18G7-1S9G. Died 1896.)
1886. Littledale, Harold, B.A. ; The College, Baroda.

{Resigned 1893.)

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL. S

250 LIST OF MEIM15ERS.

Date of
Election.

1874. Lloyd, Col. Johx Hayes, F.Z.S. ; Braeside, Palace lloaci,.

Streatham, S.W. {Resigned 1006.)
1898. LoAT, WiLLiAJi Leonakd S., F.Z.S. ; Cumuor Tlace^

Oxford. {Besigned 1906.)
1897. Lodge, George Edward, F.Z.S. ; The Studios, 5 Thurloe

Square, S.W.
1908. Long, Sydney Heebert, M.D. ; 37 St. Giles Street,

Xorwieli.
1905. LovAT, Lt.-Col. SiMox Joseph, Lord, C.B., K.C.Y.O., D.S.O.,
F.Z.S. ; Beaufort Castle, Beauly, Inverness-shire.
360 1904. Lowe, Dr. Percy 11. ; c/o Sir Frederic Johnstone, Bt., The
Hatch, Windsor.
1889. LoYD, Lt.-Col. Arthur Purvis, F.Z.S. (late 21st Hussars):.

Hurst Lodge, Sunningdale, Berks.
1896. Lubbock, Percy; 26 Cadogan Gardens, S.W. (Resigned'

1000.)
1902. Lucas, Auberon Thomas, Lord, F.Z.S. ; 7 Cleveland How,.

St. James's, S.W.
1877. LuMSDEN, James, F.Z.S. ; Arden House, Arden, Dumbarton-
shire, N.B.
1896. Luttman-Johnson, James Arthur, M. A., F.Z.S.; 101 Mount

Street, W. {Died IOO4.)
1908. Lyell, Charles Henry, M.P. ; 48 Eaton Place, S.W.
1904. Lynes, Commander Hubert, Pi.X. ; H.M.&. 'Excellent,'

Portsmouth.
1900. McCoNNELL, Frederick Vavasour; 37 Cranlej- Gardens,

South Kensington, S.W.
1904. Macdonald, Kenneth Campbell; Burma Police, llan go on'
Burma.
37" 1905. McGregor, Peter James Colquhoun; British Agency,
Sofia, Bulgaria.
1897. McLean, Johx Chambers ; Te Karaka, Gishonie, New

Zealand.
1899. Macmillan, George Augustin, F.Z.S. ; 27 Queen's Gate

Gardens, S.W.
1906. Macwillan, William Edward Frank; 27 Queen's Gate

Gardens, S.W.
1894. Macpherson, Arthur Holte, F.Z.S, ; 54 Cleveland Square,.
Hvde Park, W.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 251

Date of
Election.

1886. Macphkr.sox, The llev, Htjgil Alexander, M.A. ; Allonby
Yicarage, Maryport, Cumberland. {Died 1901 )

1906. Magrath, ]\Iajor Hexry Atjgustus Frederick; 51st Sikhs

Prontier Force, Banuu, X.W.P., India; and c/o Messrs.
H. S. King & Co., 9 Pall Mall, 8.W.
1875. Malcolm op Poltalloch, Johx WixctField, Lord, C.E.,
F.Z.S. ; Poltalloch, Lochgilphead, Argyllshire. {Died
1902:)

1907. Maxx, Thomas Hugh, F.Z.S. ; Trulls Hatch, Rotherfield,

Sussex.

1877. Manners-Stjttox, The Hon. Gtraham ; 50 Thurloe Square,

S.W. {Eemoved 1882.)
3^0 1908, Maples, Stuakt; Kingsbury, Stevenage, Herts.

1904. Mapletox, Harvey William, B.A. ; Bracknell Cottage,
Hartley Wintney, Winchfield, Hants; and Badgworth
Eectorj-, Axbridge, Somerset.
1899. Maeais, Johaxx vax Oosterzeb; Cape Town, S. Africa.
{Died 1904.)

1878. Marks, Hexry Stacy, Pt.A., F.Z.S. ; 5 St. Edmund's

Terrace, Regent's Park, X.W. {Died 1898.)
1894. Maeshall, Archibald McLeax, F.Z.S. ; Crogen, Corwen,

N. Wales.
1870. Maeshall, Col. C. H. T., F.Z.S. ; Divisional Judge, Lahore.

{Resigned 1891.)
1870. Marshall, Major G. F. L., F.Z.S. ; 1 Wetherby Gardens,

S.AV. {Resigned 1884.)
1894. Marshall, James McLeax, F.Z.S. ; Bleaton Hallet, Blair-
gowrie, N.B.
1885. Marshall, Johx, F.L.S. ; Belmont, Taunton. {Died 1889.)
1899. Maetix, Basil William, F.Z.S. ; The University, Aberdeen.

{Resigned 1905.)
390 1901. Maetix, The Eev. William Keble, M.A. ; Ashbourne,

Derbyshire. {Resigned 1908.)

1897. Masox, Col. Edwaed Sxow ; 20 Minster Yard, Lincoln.

1898. Ma«sey, Herbert; Ivy Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Man-

chester.
1878. Mathew, The Rev. Miteray A., M.A., F.L.S. ; Buckland

Dinham, Frome. {Resigned 1899.)
1907. Mathews, Geegoey Macalister, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Langley

Mount, Watford, Herts.

S.2

252 LIST or MEMBERS.

Date of
Election.

1908. Mathews, Richard Oavex ; Langley Mount, Watfovd.
189G. Maxavell, The Et. Hon. Sir Herbert Evstace, Bt., P.O.,

F.E.S. ; Monreith, "Whauphill, Wigtownshire, X.B.
1883. Meade-Waldo, Ed-mtjnd Gijstavus Bloomfield, F.Z.S. ;

Stonewall Park, Edenbridge, Kent.
1897. MEINERTZ^AGE^f, Daniel ; Mottisfont Abbey, Romsey.

{Died 1898.)
1899. Meiisertzhagen, Capt. Richard, F.Z.S. : Brookwood Park,

Alresford, Hants.
400 1900. Metcalfe, Geoffrey Bryan Theophilits ; Roche Court,

Salisbury. {Removed 1906.)
1905. MiDDLEMORE, Thomas ; Melsettcr, Orkney. {Resigned

1906.)
1886. MiLLAis, John Guillb, E.Z.S. ; Compton's Brow, Horsham,

1903. Mills, The Rev. Henry Holroyd, F.Z.S.; The Rectory,

St. Stepheu-in-Brannel, Grampound Road, Cornwall.
1879. Mitchell, Frederick Shaw ; Hornshaws, Millstream,

Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
1901. Mitchell, P. Chalmers, M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ;

Secretary to the Zoological Society of London, 3 Hanover

Square, W.

1897. Mitchell, William, F.Z.S. ; 5 Bury Street, St. James's,

S.W. {Died 1908.)

1904. Mitchell-Carrtjthers, Alexander Doi'glas; Little Muudeu

Rectory, Ware, Herts.
1892. MivART, St. George, Ph.D., M.D., F.R.S. ; 77 Inverness

Terrace, W. {Died 1900.)
1908. MoMBER, A. R. ; La Junia, San Remo, Italy ; and 28 Elm

Park Road, S.W.
410 1890. Monk, Thomas James; St. Anne's, Lewes, Sussex. {Died

1899.)

1898. Monro, Horace Cecil, C.B. ; Queen Anne's Mansions, Queen

Anne's Gate, S.W.
1900. Montagu, The Hon. Edwin Samuef., M.P. ; 12 Kensington

Palace Gardens, AV.
1906. MooRE, Major Cyril H. ; District Pay Office, Gibraltar.
1865. More, Alex.ander Goodman, F.L.S. ; 74 Leinster Road,

Dublin. {Died 1895.)
1887. Morgan, Lt.-Col. George ; Biddlesden Park, Brackley.

{Died 1893.)

LIST OF MEMBERS. 253

Date of

Election.

1874. MoRUAX, Rhodes W. ; <3ilaclras Forest Department, India.

{Removed 187S.)
1900. Mtjgford, Frederick Ernest ; 16 Buckingham Street,

Strand, W.C. {Removed 1904.)
1886. MuiRHEAD, Georc4e; Spcybanlv, Fochabers, Moray, N.B.
1893. Mullens, Major William Herbert, M.A., LL.M., F.Z.8. ;

Westfiekl Place, Battle, Sussex.
420 1892. MuNX, Philip Winchester, F.Z.S.; Laverstoke, W^hitchurch,

Hants.
1897. MuNT, Henrv, F.Z.S. ; S3 Kensington Gardens Square,

W.
1890. MuNTz, Albert Irving ; Umberslade, Birmingham. {Re-
signed ISOo.)
1900. Musters, John Patrecius Chaavortf, D.L., J.P. ; Annesley

Park, Nottingham.
1885. Neale, Edward ; 43 Charlotte Street, Portland Place, W.

{Died 1004.)
1907. Neave, Sheffield Aieey ; Mill Green Park, Ingatestone,

Essex.
1882. Nelson, Thomas Hudson ; Seafield, Bedcar, Yorkshire.
1895. jSTesham, Bobert, F.Z.S. , F.E.S. ; Utrecht House, Queen's

Road, Clapham Park, S.W.
1897. Neumann, Professor Oscar, C.M.Z.S. ; Zoological Museum,

Tring, Herts.
1876. Nevill, Hugh ; Newton Villa, Godalming. {Died 1897.)
430 1898. Newall, Arthur ; Wilsford House, Salisbury. (Resir/ned

1899.)
*1858. Newcome, Edward Clough ; Feltwell Hall, Norfolk. {Died

1871.)
1872. Newcome, Francis D'Arcy William Clough ; Thurston

Lodge, Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk.
1899. Newman, John Leonard; Park Field, Mill Hill, N.W.

{Removed^ 1903.)
1904. Newman, Thomas Henry, F.Z.S. ; Newlands, Harrowdene

Road, Wembley, Middlesex.
*1858. Newton, Prof. Alfred, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; Magdalene

College, Cambridge. {Secretary and Treasurer 1858-

1864. Editor 1804-1870. Died 1907.)
*1858. Newton, Sir Edward, K.C.M.G., M.A., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. ;

14 Wellington Esplanade, Lowestoft. {Died 1897.)

254 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Date of
Election.

1891. ^^icHOLL, DiGBY Seys Whiti^ck, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; The Ham,
Cowbridge, Glamorganshire. (Removed 180G.)

1886. NicHOLLs, HowAED HiLL JoHx, M.Il.C.8. ; Bramber Lodge,

Downview Road, West Worthing.

1902. Nichols, John Bkuce, F.Z.S. ; Parliament Mansions,
Victoria Street, S.W.
440 1900. Nichols, Waltee Buchanan ; Stonr Lodge, Bradfield,
Manningtree, Essex.

1876. Nicholson, Francis, F.Z.S. ; The Knoll, Windermere.

1902, NicoLL, Michael John, F.Z.S. ; Valhalla House, Zoological
Gardens, Giza, Egypt.

1904. NoAKEs, Wickham ; Selsdou Park, Croydon.

1895. Noble, Heatley, F.Z.S. ; Temple Combe, Henley-on-
Thames.

1887. NoEMAN, Geoege Cameeon, F.Z.S. ; CastleclifF, St. Andrews,

N.B. {Resigned 1905.)

1882. Gates, Eugene William, F.Z.S. ; 1 Carlton Gardens, Ealing,

W. {Secretary and Treasurer 1899-1901. Resigned 1903.)
1892. Ogilvie, Fekgtjs Menteith, M.A., F.Z.S. ; The Shrubbery,
72 Woodstock Ptoad, Oxford.

1890. Ogilvie-Geant, William IIobeet, F.Z.S, ; British Museum

(Natural History), Cromwell Pioad, S.W.
18S9. Ogle, Beeteam Savile ; Hill House, Steeple Aston,

Oxford.
450 1907. Oldham, Chaeles, F.Z.S. ; Essex House, Wellington lload,

Watford.
1906. Osmaston, Beeteam Beeesfoed (Imperial Forest Service) ;

Naini Tal, India.

1883. Paeker, Heney, C.E. ; Whitbourne Lodge, Manby Road,

Great Malvern.
1880. Paekin, Thomas, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Fairseat, High Wickham,

Hastings.
1908. Paton, Edwaed Richmond, F.Z.S. ; Brookdale, Grassendale,

near Liverpool.

1891. Patteeson, Robert, F.L.S., M.R.I. A. ; Glenbank, Holywood,

Co. Down.

1884. Patteeson, Sir Robeet Lloyd, D.L., F.L.S. ; Croft House,

Holywood, Co. Down. {Died 1900.)
1904. Peaese, Theed ; Ivy Depot, Virginia, U.S.A. ; and Ment-
more, Ampthill Road, Bedford.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 255

Date of
Election.

1894. Peaeson, Cuaiu.es Edwaed, F.L.S. ; Hillcrest, Lowdham,

Notts.
1891. Peaksox, Henrt J., F.Z.S. ; Bramcote, Notts.
460 1902, Pease, Sir Alfred Edward, Bt., P.Z.S. ; Pinchinthorpe

House, Guisborough, Yorkshire ; and Brooks's Club,

St. James's Street, S.W.

1898. Penn, Eric Frank ; Taverham Hall, Norwich.

1891. Penrose, Francis George, M.D., F.Z.S. ; AVick House,

Downton, Salisburj', Wilts.
1900. Peeoivai, Arthur Blayney, F.Z.S. : Game-Banger, Nairobi,

British East Africa Protectorate ; and Somerset Court,

Brent Knoll, Somerset.
1907. Percy, Lord William ; 2 Grosvenor Place, S.W. ; and

Alnwick Castle, Alnwick, Northumberland.
1886. Phillips, E. Cajibridge ; The Elms, Brecon. (Removed

1894.)
1886. Phillips, Ethelbert Lort, F.Z.S. ; 79 Cadogan Square, S.W.
1888. Phillips, George Thorne ; Wokingham, Berkshire.
1893. Ptgott, Sir Thomas Digby, K.C.B. ; The Lodge, Lower

Sheringham.
1883. Pike, Thomas Mayer, M.A. (Died IVOS.)
470 1908. Player, W. -f. Percy; The Quarr, Ciydach, ll.S.O.,

Glamorganshire.
1907. PococK, Eeginald Innes, F.L.S. , F.Z.S. : Superintendent of

the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, N.W.
1875. Pole, Capt. George, R.E. (Resigyud 1876.)
1871. Pole, Lieut. Reginald Carew, R,N. ; Yovilton, Ilchester.

(Resigned 1877.)
1905. Pollard, Capt. Arthur Erskine St. Vincent (The Border

Regiment) ; Haynford Hall, Norwich.

1899. Pope, Walter Henry ; 2 De Vaux Place, The Close, Salis-

bury. (Resifpied 1905.)

1896. PoPHAM, Hugh Leyborne, M.A. ; Hunstrete House, Pens-
ford, near Bristol.

1888. Powvs, Mervyn Owen Wayne, B.A., F.Z.S.; 2 Tenterden
Street, Hanover Square, W. (Resigned 1898.)

1898. Price, Athelstan Elder, F.Z.S. ; 61 Great Cumberland
Place, W.

1880. Prior, Charles Matthew ; Adstock Manor, Winslow.
(Removed 1889.)

256 LIST or MEMBERS.

Date of
Election.

480 1903. Peoctok, Major Fkederick ^yILLIAM (lato West Hiding

Regt.) ; Downfield, Maidenhead.
1901. Protjd, John T. ; Dellwood, Bishop Auckland.
1893. Ptckaft, William Plane, F.Z.8. ; British Museum (Natural

History), Cromwell Road, S.W.
188S. Radclyite, Charles Robert Eustace ; Hyde, Wareham,.

Dorset.
1903. Ralfe, Pilcher George ; The Parade, Castletown, Isle of

Man.
1903. Ratcliff, Fredeeick Rowlinson ; 24 Lancaster Gate, W.

1906. Rattray, Col. Rullion Hake ; 68 Dry Hill Park Road,

■ Tonbridge, Kent.
1879. Rawson, Herbert Evelyn ; Comyn Hill, Ilfracombe.
189-4. Read, Richaed Henry, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. ; Church Street,

Hanley, Staffordshire.
1888. Read, Robert H. ; 8 a South Parade, Bedford Park, W.
490 1877. Rbid, Capt. Philip Savile Grey (late R.E.), F.Z.S. ; The

Elms, Yalding, Maidstone.
1903. Renatjt, William E. ; 17 Emanuel Avenue, Friar's Park,

Acton, W.
1893. Rendall, Percy, M.D., F.Z.S. ; Ewell, Surrey. (Removed

1905.)
1868. Rhodes, E. J. : Somerset House, AV.C. (Resicpied 1S73.)
1908, RiCHAEDsoN, NoEMAN Frederic, F.Z.S. ; Bradley Court,,

Mitcheldean, Gloucestershire ; and Lynndale, Manor

Road, Forest Hill, S.E.

1907. Richmond, Herbert William ; King's College, Cambridge.

1895. Riokett, Chaeles Boughey, F.Z.S.; Upton House, Lost-

withiel, Cornwall.
1898. RiDDELL, Edwaed MrTFORD H. ; 9 Minster Yard, Lincoln.
(Died 1890.)

1896. RiPPON, Lt.-Col. George, F.Z.S.; 89th Punjabis, P.O. Kalaw,

Southern Shan States, Upper Burma.

1907. Ritchie, Aechibald Thomas Ayees ; The Head Masters,

Harrow ; and Overstrand, near Cromer,
coo 1902. Riviere, Beenaed Beeyl, F.R.C.S. ; St. Giles's Plain,
Norwich.

1908. RoBEETsoN, Sir Henry Beyer, B.A. ; Pale, Corwen,

N. Wales.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 2o7

Date of
Election.

1898. EoiiiNsox, Heebert C, C.M.Z.S. ; Selaugor State Museum,

Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States.
1896. EoGKKs, Lt.-Col. John Middleion, D.S.O., F.Z.S, (late
1st Dragoons) ; Eiverhill, Sevenoaks, Iveut.

1893. Rothschild, The Hon. Lioxtel Walter, D.Se., Ph.D., M.P.,

r.Z.S. ; The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts.

1894. EoTHscHiLD, The Hon. Natha^jiel Charles, M.A., F.Z.S. ;

Tring Park, Tring, Herts.
1865. RowLEi', George Dawson, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Chichester House,

East Cliff; Brighton. {Died 1878.)
1907. PtXJSSELL. Conrad George Edward, F.Z.S.; 2 Audley Square,

W.
1873. St. John . Col. Sir Oliver Beatjchamp Coventry, E.E., F.Z.S. ;

c/o Messrs. King & Co., 65 Cornhill, E.G. {Died

IS'.)].)
1883. St. Quintin, William Herhert, F.Z.S. : Scampston Hall,

Eilliugton, Yorkshire.
5i°*1858. Salvin, Osbert, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S. ; 10 Chandos Street,
^ W. {Secretary and Treasurer 1864-1870, 1897-1898.

Editor 1870-1876. Joint Editor 1876-1882. Died

1898.)

1903. Sandeman, Capt. Eobert Preston (late 10th Hussars ) ; Dan-y

Park, Crickhowell.

1899. Sapsworth, Arnold Duer, F.Z.S. : National Liberal Club,

Whitehall Place, S.W.
1902. Sargeattnt, Arthur St. George : 83 Madeley Eoad,
Ealing, W.

1904. Sargent, James ; 76 Jermyn Street, S.W. ; and 2 Xapier

Villas, Cambridge Eoad, Barnes.
1870. Saunders, Howard, F.L.S., F.Z.S. : 7 Eadnor Place, Hyde

Park, W. {Joint Editor 188:.'-1888, 1894-1900.
' Secretar)/ and Treasurer 1901-1907. Died 1907.)
1902. Saunders, William Henry Eadcliffe, C.E. ; 79 Warwick

Eoad, S.W.
1898. ScHERREN, Henry, F.Z.S. ; 9 Cavendish Eoad, Harringaj',

X.
1907. Schwann, Geoffrey ; 4 Prince's Gardens, S.W.

1905. Schwann, Harold, F.Z.S.; Campdcn House, Cirencester,

Gloucestershire.

258 LIST OF :\IEMBERS.

Date of
Election,

520 *1S58. Scl.ati:e, Philip Lutley, D,8c., F.R.8., F.Z.S. ; Odiham
Priory, Winchtielcl, Hants ; and AthentTeum Club, Pall
Mall, SAY. {Editor I808-ISG4, 1SSS-1S94. Joint
Edito)- 1876-LSS8, 1804- •)
1891. ScLATER, William Ltjtley, M.A., F.Z.8.; El Paso Club,
Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.A.

1907. Scott, The Eev. Canon Sa:miiel Gilbert, M.A.; ThePectory,

Havant, Hants.

1881. Scully, Surgeon-Lt.-Col. John, F.L.S., E.Z.S. ; 14 Harttield
Square, Eastbourne. {Resigned 1807.)
*1858. Sealy, Alfred Eorbes, M.A., C.M.Z.S.; Madras. {Resigned
1868.)

1873. SEEB0H3I, Hexry, F.Z.S. ; 22 Courttield Gardens, S.W.
{Died 180.J.)

1899. Selols, Frederick Coijrtexey, F.Z.S.; Heatherside,Worples-
dou, Surrey.

1S89. Sexhouse, Humphrey Patricius, B.A. ; The Fitz, Cocker-
mouth, Cumberland.

1908. Seppixgs, Capt. Johx William Hamilton (Army Pay

Department) ; 3 West View, Cork, Ireland.
1899. Serle, The llev.WiLLiAM, M.A., B.D.; The Manse, Dudding-

ston, Edinburgh.
530 1900. Service, Kobert ; Maxwelltown, Dumfries.

1901. Seth-Smith, David, F.Z.S. ; 1-1 Canning Iload, Addiscombe,

Croydon.
1904. Seth-Smith, Leslie Moffat, B.A. ; Alleyne, Caterham

"Valley, Surrey.

1899. Sharmax, Frederic, F.Z.S. ; 47 Goldington lload,

Bedford.
1871. Sharpe, llicHARD BoAVDLER, LL.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Assistant

Keeper, Zoological Department, British Museum (]^atural

History), South Kensington, S.W.
1886. Shaw, William Carstairs ; Bank of Madras, Madras,

{Removed 1890.)

1900. Shelfoed, Robert, M.A., C.M.Z.S., F.E.S. ; Hythe, Kent.

{Resigned 1005.)
1870. Shelley, Capt. George Erxest, E.Z.S. (late Grenadier

Guards) ; 39 Egerton Gardens, South Kensington, S.W.
1865, Shepherd, The Rcv.Charles William, M. A., F.Z.S.; Trottis-

cliffc Peetory, Maidstone, Kent.

LIST OF MEMBKKS. 259

Date of
Election.

1894. Shirley, Seavall IS Evelyn; Ettingtou Park, 8tratford-on-
Avon. {Resigned 1898.)
540 1900. SiMEY, Athelstaxe Ilife ; 2 Vernon Chambers, South-
ampton How, W.C. {Resigned 1008.)

1881. SiMsox, Francis Bruce, F.Z.S. ; Broom Hill, Spratton,

Northampton. {Died 1800.)

1882. Slater, The Rev. Henry Horrocks, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Oldbury

Farm House, Ightham, Sevenoaks. {Resigned 100(J.)
1878. Slaughter, Brigade-Surgeon George Monlaw; Farningham,

Kent. {Died 1892.)
1908. Smalley, Frederic William ; Challan Hall, Silverdale,

near Carnforth, Lanes.

1902. Smith, Abel Henry, M.P. ; Woodhall Park, Hertford

{Resigned 1007.)
1865. Smith, The Be v. Alfred Charles, M. A.; Old Park, Devizes,
Wilts. {Died 1808.)

1874. Smith, Cecil, F.Z.S. ; Lydeard House, Taunton. {Died

1800.)
1906. Snouckaert van ScnAUBURG, Baron Hene Charles ; Neerlang-

broek, Holland.
1896. Sondes, George Edward, Earl, F.Z.S. ; Lees Court,
Faversham. {Died 1907.)
550 1881. Southwell, Thomas, F.Z.S. ; 10 The Crescent, Chapel Field,
I^orwich.

1903. Sparrow, Major Richard, F.Z.S. ; 7th Dragoon Guards,

Abbasia Barracks, Cairo, Egypt ; aud Rookwoods, Sible

Hedingham, Essex.
1867. Sperling, Commander Rowland M., R.X., F.Z.S. {Died

1873.)
1906. Stanford, Surgeon Charles Edward Cortis, B.Sc, M.B.,

R.N. ; Royal Marine Barracks, Plymouth.
1893. Stanley, Samuel S. ; Fair View House, Harbury,

Leamington, Warwickshire.
1900. Stares, John AVilliam Chester; Portchester, Hants.

1875. Stark, Arthur Cowell, M.B., CM., F.R.P.S. ; Eccleston,

Torquay. {Died 1899.)
1902. Stenhouse, John Hutton, M.B., R.N.; Royal Hospital

School, Greenwich, S.E.
1904. Stephen, Julian Thoby ; 46 Gordon Square, W.C. {Died

1906.)

260 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Date of
Election.

1864. Stevexsox, Hexry, F.L.S. ; 22 Untbauk's lload, Xonvich.

{Died 1S88.)
560 1906. Steward, Edavard Simmoks, F.ll.C.S. ; 10 Prince's Square,

Harrogate, Yorks.
1898. Stirling, Wim.iam, J.P., D.L. ; Ord House, Muir of Ord,

KB.
1889. SxoATE, "William ; Ashleigh, Eurnhaiu, Somerset. {Ite-

signed 1902.)
1893. Stoxham, Charles, C.M.G., F.E.C.S., F.Z.S. ; 4 Harley

Street, Cavendish Square, "\Y.
1897. SiEEATFEiLD, Capt. Eric ; 2nd Gordon Highlanders. {Died

1902.)

1881. Sti'Ddt, Col. Robert AVright (late Manchester Eegiment) ;

Waddeton Court, Brixham, Devon.
1887. Sxi'Ax, Frederick "William, F.Z.S. ; Ben Craig, Bayham

Itoad, Sevenoaks ; and Shanghai, China.
1887. Swixbl^rxe, Johx ; Haeuertsburg, Transvaal, S, Africa.

1882. Swixhoe, Col. Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 6 Gunterstone

Koad, "W. Kensington, "W.

1876. SwixnoE. Egbert, F.E.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. ; 33 Carlyle

Square, S.W. {Honorary Member 1862-1876. Died 1877. y

570 1884. Tait, "William Chaster, C.M.Z.S. ; Entre Quintas 155,

Oporto, Portugal.

*1S58. Tatlor, Edward Cavendish, M.A., F.Z.S. ; 74 Jermyn

Street, S."W. {Died 190o.)

1865. Taylor, George Cavendish, F.Z.S.; 42 Elvaston Place,
S."W. {designed 1888.)

1905. Taxlor, Lionel Edward, F.Z.S. ; Division of Forestry,
Agricultural Department, Pretoria, Transvaal.

1873. Tegetmeier, William Bernhard, F.Z.S. ; 16 Alexandra
Grove, North Finchley, X. {liesigned 1908.)

1889. Tennant, Sir Edward Priaulx, Bt., M.A., M.P., F.Z.S. ;
34 Queen Anne's Gate, S.AV. ; and The Gleu, Inner-
leithen, N.B.

1886. Terry, Major Horace A. (late Oxfordshire Light Infantry) ;
The Lodge, Upper Halliford, Shepperton,

1904. Thompsox, Lieut. "V\^illiaji R., E.G.A. ; Montrose, "Wey-
mouth.

1900. Thorburx, Archibald, F.Z.S. ; High Leybourne, Hascombe,
near Godalming, Surrey.

LIST OF me:mbers. 261

Date of
Election,

1891. Thornhill, WiLLiA^r Bluxdell ; Castle Cosej-, Ca&tla

Bellingham, Ireland. {Resigned 1898.)
580 1893. Thorpe, Dixon L, ; Loshville, Etterby Scaur, Carlisle.

1903. TicEHTTEST, Claed Buchanan, M.D. ; Winstowe, St. Leo-

nards-on-Sea ; and The College, Guy's Hospital, S.E.
1894. TicEnuRST, N'oRMAN Feederic, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., F.Z.S. ;

35 Peveusey Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea.
1860. Tomes, Robert Ftsher, C.M.Z.S. ; Welford Hill, Stratford-

on-Avon. {liesujaed 1806.)
1902, Townsend, Reginald Gilliax, M.A. ; Buckholt, Dean,

Salisbury.

1893. Trevor-Battye, Aeisxx, F.Z.S. ; Chilbolton. Hants.
*1858. Tristram, The Rev. Henry Baker, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.,

C.M.Z.S., Canon of Durham ; The College, Durham.
{Died 1900.)
1890. Tristram- Valentine, John Tristram, F.Z.S.; 1 Sheffield
Gardens, W. {Died 1893.)

1 906. TuKE, Charles Molesworth ; The Gate House, Chiswick.
1864. Tweeddale, Arthur, Marquess of, F.R.S., Pres.Z.S.; Tester,

Haddington. {Died 1878.)
590 1864. Upcher, Henry Morris, F.Z.S. ; Sheringham Hall,

Norfolk.
1896. Urwick, William F. ; 27 Bramham Gardens, S.W. {Died

190.3.)
1872. UssHEK, Herbert Taylor, C.M.G. {Died 1880.)

1894. UssHER, Richard John, M.R.I. A. ; Cappagh House, Cai^pagh,

S.O., Co. Waterford, Ireland.

1907. Van Oort, Dr. Edtjard Daniel ; Museum of Xatural His-

tory, Leyden, Holland.

1908. Vaughan, Matthew ; Haileybury College, Herts.

1906. Vaughan, Lieut. Robert E., R.N. ; H.M. Coast Guard,

Tenby, S. Wales.
1890. Venour, Stephen ; Fern Bank, Altrincham, Cheshire.
1884. Verey, Alfred Sainsbxiry ; Heronsgate, near Rickmans-

"worth.
1881. Verney, Col. William Willoughby Cole ; Hartford Bridge,

Winchfield, Hants ; and United Service Club, S.AV.
'600 1895. Von Erl.anger, Freiherr Carlo ; Nieder Ingelheim, Rhein

Hessen, Germany. {Died 1904.)

262 LIST OF ME:M15ERS.

Date of
Election.

1879. Vox HtGEL, Baron A. ; ^luseura of Archoeology, Cambridge.

{liesuiiu'd ISIU.)
1889. VysE, H. Howakd ; Stoke Place, Slough. {Removed ISO-J.)

1902. Wade, Edwaed Walter ; Vittoria Hotel, Hull,

1886. Wat)1]-Daltox, Col. H. I). ; HauxwcllHall, Finghall, RS.O.,
Yorkshire.

1895. Wallis, Hexry Marriage ; Ashton Lodge, Christchurch

lload, Reading.
1881. Walsixguam, Thomas, Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ;
Merton Hall, Thetford, N'orfolk.

1899. Waltox, Major Herbert James, M.E., F.ll.C.S., I.M.S.,

C.M.Z.S. ; c/o Messrs. H. S. King & Co., 9 Pall Mall, S.W.
1872. Wardlaw-Eamsay, Lt.-Col. Robert George, F.Z.S. ; White-
hill, Rose well, Midlothian, N.B.

1896. Watkixs, Watkix, F.Z.S. ; Highfield, Harrow ; and Wel-

lington Club, S.W.
6io 1903. Watt, Hugh Boyd ; 3 Willow Mansions, Fortune Green
Road, West Hampstead, N.W.
1906. West, Colix, F.Z.S. ; The Grange, South Norwood Park,
S.E.

1900. Westell, William Peecival, F.L.8., F.R.H.S. ; " Arvensis,"'

Blandford Road, St. Albans, Herts.
1874. Whartox, Charles Bygrave, F.Z.S.; Hounsdown, Totton,

Hants. {Died 1897.)
1878. Whaktox, Hexry Tuorxtox, M.A., F.Z.S.; Madresfield,

Acol Road, W. Hampstead, N.W. {Died 189J.)
1891. AVhitaker, Bexjamix Ixgham ; Hesley Hall, Tickhil],

Rotherham.
1884. WuLTAKEii, Joseph, F.Z.S. ; Rainworth Lodge, Mansfield.

Tsotts. {Removed 1800.)
1891. Whitaker, Joseph I. S., F.Z.S. ; Malfitauo, Palermo, Sicily.

1903. White, Stephex Joseph, F.Z.S. ; Oakwood, Crayford, Kent.

1903. Whitehead, Charles HxxtIi Tempest ; Deighton Grove,

York ; and 50th Rifles (Frontier Force), Sehore, Bhopal,
India.
620 1887. Whitehead, Jepfery ; Mayes, East Grinstead, Sussex.

1904. AVhitty, Charles Richard, B.A., M.D. ; ^finna Lodge.

Hunstanton. {Died 1006.)

1897. Whymper, Charles, F.Z.S. ; 7 James Street, Haymarket,

S.W.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 263

Date of
Eectioii,

1906. WiEXER, Augustus F., F.Z.S. ; G Northwick Terrace, Maida
Yale, N.W. {Died 1906.)

1898. WiGLEswoKTH, JosEPii, M.D., F.R.C.r. ; llainhill, near

Liverpool.

1890. WiGLESAVOETH, LioxEL W. ; 42 Glouccster Place, Portmau

Square, W. {Died 1901.)
1894. Wir.Kixsox, Jouxsox; St. George's Square, Huddersfield,.

Yorkshire.
1904. Williams, Major Cuaeles Louis, M.D., I. M.S. ; 17 x\lex-

andra Koad, Birkeuhead. {Resigned 1007.)
1868. Williams, The Pev. J. ; Tring Park, Herts, {llesifjned

1871.)

1896. Williams, Capt. Lioxel Aetjiue, F.Z.S. ; Junior Uuited

Service Club, Charles Street, St. James's, S.W.
630 1897. WiLsox'^, Allax Read, B.A., M.B., B.Ch. ; Bloxham, Oson.
1888. Wilson, Chaeles Joseph, F.Z.S. ; 34 York Terrace,'liegent's

Park, X.W.
1900. WiLsox, Dr. Edavaed Adeian, F.Z.S. : Westal, Cheltenham.
1887. AYiLsox, Scott Barchaed, F.Z.S. ; Heatherbank, Weybridge

Heath, Surrey.

1897. Witheeby, Haeey Foebes, F.Z.S. ; 11 Hereford Mansions,.

Hereford Eoad, Bayswater, W.
1908. WiTHEEiNGTOx, GwYxxE ; Aberlash, Sonning, Berks.

1891. WiTHixGTOx, Feaxk ; Kingston, Jamaica. {llemoved

1899.)

1899. WOLLASTOX, AlEXAXDEE FeEDEEICK PtICHMOXD, B.A. ;

31 Argyll Mansions, King's lload, Chelsea, S.W.
*1858. Wolley, Johx, Juu., M.A., F.Z.S. ; Beeston, Notts.

{Died 1859.)
1902. WoEKMAX, William Hughes ; Lismore, Windsor, Belfast.
640 1875. Weight, Chaeles A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Kayhough, Kew

Gardens Road, S.W. {Died 1907.)
1871. Weight, Edwaed Peeceval, M.A., M.D., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.,

Professor of Botany in the University of Dublin,

Ireland.
1891. Weight, Thomas, M.D. ; Castle Place, Kottingham.
1904. Weight, William Ceaweoed ; Roslyn, Marlborough Park,

X., Belfast.
1876. Wyatt, Claude W. ; Adderbury, Banbury. {Died 1900.)

2G1 LIST or MEMBERS.

Date of

Election.

1895. YERBURr, Lt.-Col. Joiix William (late R.A.), F.Z.S. ;
8 Duke Street, St. James's, S.W. ; aud Army and Navy-
Club, S.VY.

1889. YouxG, Capt. James B., R.N. : Tytlierley, Wimborne,
Dorset.

1878. YouxG, JoHX, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 64 Hereford Ptoad, Bays-
water, W. {Died 1001.)

1897. YouxG, JoHx Joseph Baldwin, M.A. ; Eichmond Park, near
Sheffield.

1904. YouxG, Lieut. Martix (1st York and Lancaster Ptegt.) ;
Mhow, India. {Died 1906.)
)5o 1877. Y'uLE, Lt.-Col. James Herbert; 41 Eaton Ptise, Ealing, V/.
{Resiqned ISO'i.)

Extra- Ordinary Members.

1865. Bltxh, Edavard. {Honoranj Member 1860-1865. Died

1873.)
1899. GoDwix- Austen, Lt.-Col. Henry Haver^ham,F.E.S., F.Z.S.;

jVorQ, Hascombe, Godalming. {Ordinary Member

1874-1899.)
1863. AYallace, Alfred Rtjssel, O.M., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.,

F.Z.S. ; Broadstone, Wimborae, Dorset. {IIo)iorary

Member 1860-1863.)

Honorary Members.

1907. Allen, Joel Asaph, Ph.D., F.M.Z.S. ; American Xuseum
of Natural History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A.
{Foreign Member 1890-1907.)

1886. Atres, Thomas ; Potchefstroom, Transvaal, South Africa.

1860. Baird, Prof. Spencer F. ; Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington. {Died 1887.)

1860. Baldamus, Dr. August Karl Eduard ; Moritzwinger 7,
Halle. {Died 1893.)

LIST OF MEMBERS. 265

Date of
Election.

1860. Cabaxis, Dr. Jeax, C.M.Z.S. ; Friedrichshagen, bei Berlin.

{Died 1006.)
1860. Cassix, Johx ; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelpliia.

{Died ISO'.).)
1900. CoLLETT, Prof. Robert, F.M.Z.S. ; University Museum,

Christiania. {Foreign Member 1873-1000.)
1872. Fixscn, Dr. Orxo, C.M.'z.S. ; Altewiekring 19 b, Brunswick,

Germany.
1880. Gatke, Heixeich, C.M.Z.S. ; Heligoland. {Died 1807.)
J o 1894. GiGLioLi, Dr. Hexey Hilltee, F.M.Z.S. ; Reale Istituto

di Studi Superiori, Florence. {Foreign Member 1872-

1804.)
1898. GoELDi, Dr. Emil A., C.M.Z.S. ; Ziegierstrasso 36, Berne,

Switzerland.
1860. Haetlatjb, Dr. Gtjsxav, F.M.Z.S.; Bremen, Germany.

{Died 1000.)
1860. Layaed, Edgae Leopold, C.M.G., F.Z.S. : Otterbourne,

Budleigh Salterton. {Died 1000.)

1902. Radde, Prof. Gustay F., F.M.Z.S. ; Tiflis, Hussia. {Foreign

Member 1872-1002. Died 1002.)

1893. Reichexow, Dr. Axiox, C.M.Z.S. ; Museum fiir N"atur-
kuude, Invalidenstrasse, Berlin.

1860. Eeixhaedt, Prof. J. ; Natural History Museum, Copen-
hagen. {Died 1882.)

1903. PtiDGWAY, lloBERT, C.M.Z.S. ; Smithsouiau Institution,

Washington, D.C., U.S.A. {Foreign Member 1880-

1003.)
1890. Salyadoei, Count Tommaso, M.D., F.M.Z.S. ; Ptoyal Zoolo-
gical Museum, Turin. {Foreign Member 187 2-1800.)
1860. Veeeeatjx, Jules Pieeee ; Museum d'HistoiK; Naturelle,

Paris. {Died 1873.)
1890. Yox Berlepsch, Graf Hans, C.M.Z.S. ; Schloss Berlepsch,

Post Gertenbach, Witzenhausen, Germany. {Foreign

Member 1875-1800.)
21 1869. Vox Pelzeln, August, C.M.Z.S.; Oberdobling, Vienna.

{Died 1801.)

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL.

266 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Colonial Members.

Date of

Election.

1904. Campbell, Alfked J. ; Custom House, Melbourne, Australia.
1908. FAEauHAK, JoHx Hexky Joseph, B.Sc, K.D.A. ; Assistant

Conservator of Forests, Calabar, Southern Nigeria.
1 908. Hall, Robert, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. ; Curator of the Tasmanian

Museum, Hobart To^vn, Tasmania.
1903. Htjtton, Capt. Frederick W., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S. ; The

Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. {Died 1906.)
1903. Legge, Col. W. YiNCEifT, F.Z.S. ; CuUenswood House,

St. Mary's, Tasmania. (Ordinary Member 1876-1903.)

1905. Macotjn, John, M.A., F.E.S.C. ; Naturalist to the Geological

Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
1905. Millar, Alfred Dvchesne ; 298 Smith Street, Durban,

Natal.
1903. North, Alfred J., C.M.Z.S. ; Australian Museum, Sydney,

N.S.Wales.
1907. SwrNNERTOx^, Charles Frakcis Massy, F.L.S. ; Gungunyana,

Melsetter, South Ehodesia.

Foreign Members.

1872. Barboza Dir Bocage, Prof. J. Y., F.M.Z.S. ; Eoyal Museum,

Lisbon. {Died 1908.)
1900. BiANCHi, Dr. Valentine ; Imperial Zoological Museum, St.

Petersburg.
1904. Blasius, Geh. Hofr. Prof. Dr. Wilhelm, C.M.Z.S. ; Gauss-

Strasse, 17, Brunswick, Germany.
1872. Brandt, Prof. J. F. ; Imperial Museum, St. Petersburg.

{Died 1879.)
1880. Bureau, Louis, M.D. ; Ecole de Medecine, Nantes, France.
1906. BtJTTiKOFER, Dr. Johannes, C.M.Z.S. ; Director of the Zoo-
logical Garden, Rotterdam, Holland.
1906. BuTURLiN, Sergius a.; Wesenberg, Esthonia, Russia.
1902. Chapman, Frank Michler ; American Museum of Natural

History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A.
1872. CouEs, Dr. Elliott, C.M.Z.S. ; Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, U.S.A. {Died 1899.)

LIST OF MEMBERS. 267

Date of

Election.

lo 1875. DoRiA, Marchese GiACOMo,r.M.Z.S.; Stradayuova,6,Geiioa,

Italy.
1890. Enm Pasha, Dr., C.M.Z.S. ; Bagamoyo, East Africa.

{Died 189J.)
1872. Fatio, Dr. Victor, C.M.Z.S. ; Geneva, Switzerland. (Died

1906.)
1872. Lawrence, George Kewbold, C.M.Z.S. ; 45 East 21st

Street, Xew York. {Died 1896.)
1872. Long CHAMPS, Baron de Selts, Liege, Belgium. {Died

1900.)
1872. Malmgren, Dr. Anders Johan ; Helsingfors, Finland.

{Died 1897.)
1883. Marsh, Prof. Othniel Charles, C.M.Z.S. ; Yale College,

Kewhaven, U.S.A. {Died 1898.)
1903. Maexorelli, Prof. Dr. Giacinto ; Museo Civico di Storia

JN^aturale, Milan, Italy.
1894. Menzbier, Prof. Dr. Michael, C.M.Z.S. ; Imperial Society of

x^aturalists, Moscow.
1881. Meter, Dr. A. B., C.M.Z.S. ; Hohenzollernstrasse 17, Berlin,

W. 10.
2o 1872. Milne-Edavards, Prof. Alphonse, F.M.Z.S. ; Jardin des

Plantes, Paris. {Died 1899.)
1905. Oberholser, Harry Church; Biological Survey, Department

of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
1890. OusxALET, Dr. Emile, C.M.Z.S. : Museum d'Histoire

Naturelle, Jardin des Plantes, Paris. {Died 1905.)
1894. Pleske, H.E. Dr. Theodor, F.M.Z.S.; St. Petersburg,

Russia. {Resigned 1905.)
1881. Prjevalsky, Genl. N. ; Academy of Science and Art, St.

Petersburg. {Died 1888.)
1900. Ueiser, Dr. Othmar ; Landes Museum, Sarajevo, Bosnia,

Austro-Hungary.
1908. Richmond, Charles Wallace ; United States National

Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
1894. Schalow, Herman ; Traunsteinerstrasse, 2i, Berlin, W. 30,
1872. ScHLEGEL, Prof. Herman ; University Museum, Leyden.

{Died 1883.)
1900. Stejnegee, Leonhaed, C.M.Z.S. ; Smithsonian Institution*

Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
30 1872. Stjndevall, Prof. Carl Johann : Stockholm. {Died 1875.)

268 LIST OF INIEMBEKS.

Date of
Election.

1902. SrsHKiN, Dr. Peter, C.M.Z.S. ; Imperial University. Moscow,

llussia.
1872. Yon Hetjglin, Dr. Theodor ; Stuttgart. {Died 1877.)
1902. Yox Iherixg, Dr. Herman, C.M.Z.S. ; Museu Paulista, ISao

Paulo, Brazil.
18SG. Yon Mabarasz, Dr. Jtjlius ; National Museum, Budapest.
1872. YoN Middendorfe, Dr. Alexander Theodor ; Dorpat.

{Died 1894.)
36 1890. WiNGE, Herluf, C.M.Z.S. ; University Zoological Museum,

Copenhagen.

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Page
J. Proceedings of the Special Jubilee Meeting of the British Orni-
thologists' Union 1

'2. A Short History of the British Ornithologists' Union. By

P. L. ScLATEE, b.Sc, F.Pt.S \ 19

Appendix : 1. Rules of the British Ornithologists' Union 05

2. Ilules of the British OniitholoRists' Club 08

'i. Biographical Notices of the Original Members of the British
Ornithologists' Union, of the principal Contributors to the
First Series of ' The Ibis,' and oi: the Officials. (AVith
Portraits.)

BiRKBECK, ROBEllT

BLAKisToisr, C-A-pt. T. W. . .

Blyth, Edward

bonhote, j. l

Dresser, H. E.

Brummond-Hay, Col. H. M,

Evans, A. II

Eyton, T. C

GoDMAN, Dr. F. D. ......

Godman, p. 8

GURNEY, .J. n

Hancock, John

Hawker, Rev. W. H

Hewitson, W. C

HUDLESTON, W. H

Ibby, Col. L. H

Jerdon, T. C

Kirk, Sir John

Knox, A. E

Layard, E. L

LiLEORD, Lord

73

Newcome, E. C

105

173

Neavton, Prof. A

J 07

175

Newton, Sir E

117

231

Oates, E. \V

221

219

POWLETT CaMPBELL-OrDE,

75

Sir J. w. :

121

'>r>.7

Salvin, Osbert

127

79

Saunders, Howard

223

81

ScLATER, Dr. p. L

129

93

Sealy, a. F

139

95

Sharpe, Dr. R. B

199

177

Speke, Capt. J. H

203

101

SwiNHOE, KOBERT

207

183

Taylor; E. C ,

151

141

Taylor, (i.e.

209

187

Tickell, Col. S. R

211

193

Tristram. Canon H. B

153

195

Wallace, Dr. A. R

213

103

WoLLEY, John

157

197

Wright, C. A

217

123

4. Liiit of the Members of the British Ornithologists' Union, 1858-
1908

23^i

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